12.Terrence’s parents were excited by his recent
interest in reading science fiction novels. They
bought him toy science fiction characters and
praised him for reading the books. When they
stopped giving him praise and toys, they were
dismayed that he quit reading. Terrence’s behav-
ior best illustrates
(A) the overjustification effect
(B) overlearning
(C) internal locus of control
(D) the self-fulfilling prophecy
(E) drive reduction theory
13.Which of the following most accurately reflects our
current understanding of basic facial expressions?
(A) Facial expressions are universally recognized
and displayed by all cultures.
(B) Anger is easily interpreted as a facial expres-
sion by most cultures and displayed by all in
similar situations.
(C) Facial expressions are universally recognized,
but highly variable in how they are displayed.
(D) Cultures vary in their interpretation and dis-
play of the six most common facial expres-
sions.
(E) Facial expressions are learned through model-
ing of basic facial expressions by parents.
14.Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteiniz-
ing hormones (LH) are most closely associated
with which of the following motivated behaviors?
(A) hunger
(B) thirst
(C) sex
(D) anxiety
(E) happiness
15.Selection of moderately challenging tasks charac-
terizes the behavior of people who have a
(A) fear of failing
(B) high need for achievement
(C) fear of success
(D) low need for achievement
(E) inferiority complex158 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
❯ Answers and Explanations
- E—Imprinting is the tendency for the newborn of some animals, such as ducklings and
goslings, to follow the first moving object they see or hear. - C—Sociobiologists assume that human and animal behavior is based on a biological
imperative to ensure survival of genetic material into the next generation. They believe
that altruism—selfless behavior—is an instinct that serves this goal. - B—Incentive theory discusses both the primary motives, such as hunger and sex, that
push behavior, and the secondary motives, like achievement and money, that are pulled
by incentives or rewards found in the environment. - B—According to the Yerkes–Dodson inverted U graph of arousal, average tasks require
a moderate level of arousal, very difficult tasks like this one require a moderately low
level of arousal, and very easy tasks require a moderately high level of arousal. Very low
and very high arousal levels are never optimal because we need some arousal to do well,
but too high a level agitates us. - B—According to the James–Lange theory, we are aware of feeling emotions after the
physiological and behavioral response occur to environmental stimuli. I see the bear,
I start to run, and then I realize I am afraid. - D—The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the “on” button that initiates eating behavior
when food is not in our stomachs or small intestines, which is indicated by lack
of cholecystokinin and high levels of insulin.