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9. The most commonly used personality assess-
ments are
(A) projective tests
(B) naturalistic observations
(C) structured interviews
(D) self-report inventories
(E) behavior assessments
Self-efficacy, according to Bandura, is
(A) how you view your worth as a person
(B) how you think about your self image
(C) all you know about your deficiencies and
weaknesses as a person
(D) what others have conditioned you to see in
yourself
(E) how competent you feel to accomplish tasks
and goals
Mother Theresa’s altruism showed in everything
she did. According to Allport’s trait theory,
Mother Theresa’s altruism was
(A) a common trait she shared with most other
religious people
(B) a cardinal trait
(C) one of several central traits that characterized
her exceptional life
(D) basically inherited from her father
(E) a surface trait that was visible to others
12. Adler would not have agreed with the importance
of which of the following ideas?
(A) birth order
(B) styles of life
(C) striving for superiority
(D) fictional finalism
(E) womb envy
13. Roberto believes that he is the master of his ship
and in charge of his destiny. According to Rotter’s
theory of personality, Roberto has
(A) an external orientation to the world about him
(B) an internal locus of control
(C) an extraverted personality
(D) a low sense of self-efficacy
(E) a positive self image, but is not self-actualized
14. Collective-efficacy would probably be more bene-
ficial than self-efficacy for achieving group goals in
(A) Canada
(B) England
(C) Puerto Rico
(D) South Korea
(E) Monaco
15. A relatively permanent characteristic of personality
that can be used to predict behavior is
(A) the id
(B) the ego
(C) the superego
(D) a defense mechanism
(E) a traitPersonality ❮ 195❯ Answers and Explanations
- C—Reaction formation is the defense mechanism that involves acting exactly opposite
of what we feel. The boy is actually sad, but acts as if he is glad. - C—The ego mediates between the id and the superego, and operates on the reality
principle. - B—Humanists believe that humans are born good and that we are all naturally
motivated to seek our full potential, but conditions of worth and our wish for
society’s approval sometimes make us select a less productive path. - C—Rooting for the underdog is a universal theme in our collective unconscious,
according to Jung. Whether it’s David and Goliath or the home team who hasn’t won
a game all season, we instinctively align ourselves with the underdog. - A—Projective tests are designed to uncover thoughts, conflicts, and feelings in the
unconscious mind. The Thematic Apperception Test, with its ambiguous pictures
to interpret, is a good example of such a test.