G
Lines 13–16 indicate that variolation, the first known immunization process, was known since the ninth century CE. Wrong
choice (F) describes the earliest recorded instances of the disease. (H) dates Jenner’s discovery of vaccination—but
variolation came before this. (J) dates the first worldwide immunization campaign—not the first ever immunization process.
46.
A
What were the problems associated with variolation? According to lines 22–23, variolation patients were sometimes fatally
infected, and they could spread the disease to others even when successfully inoculated. Choice (A) summarizes this second
disadvantage. Cowpox (B) was an aspect of Jenner’s treatment (paragraph 3). No description of variolation wearing off (C),
being difficult to carry out (D), or controversial among doctors (E) is given.
47.
G
Lines 29–31 indicate that Jenner became “fascinated” by the fact that having had cowpox somehow immunized people to
smallpox and tried to see “whether this immunity could be replicated.” Thus, he had noticed a relationship between cowpox
and smallpox, and (G) is correct. (F) is never stated. Though we can infer that Jenner wanted his vaccination work to be
recognized by the Royal Society of Physicians, there’s no evidence that his motivation was to be accepted into the society
(H). Jenner underwent variolation as a boy, but it’s never implied that he worked with variolation himself (J). And (K) goes
too far: Jenner tried vaccination not because he preferred unconventional approaches in general but because variolation was
unsafe and only partially successful.
48.
B
When did Jenner’s vaccination process become widespread? It wasn’t immediately (A) because Jenner’s findings were
initially rejected. (B) is the answer—Jenner’s process became widespread “within a matter of years” after he published them
(lines 41–42).
49.
J
Paragraph 4 describes the massive effort involved in wiping out smallpox altogether—every active case of the disease had to
be found and isolated worldwide. You can infer from this that it was the difficulty of coordinating such an effort that had
prevented the elimination of the disease (J), not any problem with the inoculation process.
50.
