258 Tables
Table A.2 Cosmological and astrophysical constants (from the Particle Data Group
compilation [1])Unit Symbol Value
Speed of light 푐 299 792 458 ms−^1
Light year ly 0 .3066 pc= 0. 9461 × 1016 m
Parsec pc 3 .262 ly= 3 .085 678× 1016 m
Solar luminosity L⊙ ( 3. 846 ± 0. 008 )× 1026 Js−^1
Solar mass 푀⊙ 1. 989 × 1030 kg
Solar equatorial radius 푅⊙ 6. 955 × 108 m
Hubble parameter 퐻 0 100 ℎkm s−^1 Mpc−^1 =ℎ∕( 9 .778 13 Gyr)
ℎ 0. 696 ± 0. 007
Newtonian constant 퐺 6. 673 × 10 −^11 m^3 kg−^1 s−^2
Planck constant ℏ 6 .582 119× 10 −^22 MeV s
Planck mass 푀P=
√
ℏ푐∕퐺 1. 221 × 1019 GeV푐^2
Planck time 푡P=
√
ℏ퐺∕푐^55. 31 × 10 −^44 s
Boltzmann constant 푘 8 .617 34× 10 −^5 eV K−^1
Stefan–Boltzmann 푎=휋^2 푘^4 ∕ 15 ℏ^3 푐^34. 7222 × 10 −^3 MeV m−^3 K−^4
constant
Critical density of 휌C= 3 퐻 02 ∕ 8 휋퐺 2. 775 × 1011 ℎ^2 푀⊙Mpc−^3
the Universe = 10. 538 ℎ^2 GeV m−^3
Table A.3 Electromagnetic radiation
Type Wavelength [m] Energy [eV] Energy
density^1 [eV m−^3 ]Radio > 1 < 10 −^6 ≈ 0. 05
Microwave 1–5× 10 −^310 −^6 –2× 10 −^33 × 105
Infrared 2 × 10 −^3 –7× 10 −^710 −^3 –1.8?
Optical ( 7 − 4 )× 10 −^7 1.8–3.1 ≈ 2 × 103
Ultraviolet 4 × 10 −^7 –10−^8 3.1–100?
X-rays 10 −^8 –10−^12 100–10^675
훾rays < 10 −^12 > 106 25(^1) From M. S. Longair [2].
Table A.4 Particle masses^1
Particle MeV units 퐾units
훾 00
⟨휈푖⟩ <^0.^23 ×^10 −^6 <^2.^7 ×^103
e± 0.511 5. 93 × 109
휇± 105.658 1. 226 × 1012
휋^0 134.977 1. 566 × 1012
휋± 139.570 1. 620 × 1012
p 938.272 1. 089 × 1013
n 939.565 1. 090 × 1013
휏± 1 777 2. 062 × 1013
W± 80 423 9. 333 × 1014
Z 91 188 1. 058 × 1015
H^0125. 3 ± 0. 61. 454 × 1015
(^1) From the Particle Data Group compilation [1].