Evolution And History

346

Index

abduction, 147

absolute dating, 114, 116 , 118–119, 138

acclimatization, 303–304

Acheulean tool technique, 186 , 186–187, 191,

196, 211

achromotopsia, 43

action theory, 270–271

Adamson, David, 45

adaptation (biological)

and bipedalism, 145, 155–156, 162–166, 170

to climates, 50

cultural component of, 288

Darwin on, 125, 127

developmental, 299

to disease, 271–272

to environmental stressors, 299–305

in finches, 127

genetic, 299

to human-made stressors, 305–306

in humans, 7–9, 124, 145, 289, 299–306

and natural selection, 47, 127, 301

physiological, 299

in primates, 60–62, 66, 86–87, 124

and sickle-cell anemia, 46–47

skin color as, 292–294, 293

See also climate

adaptation (cultural), 9, 174, 196, 200, 225

See also cultural change; modernization

adaptation (defined/overviews), 45–49

adaptation (developmental), 9, 301

adaptation (environmental), 299–305

adaptation (physiological), 5, 9

adaptive radiation, 131

adduction, 147

Aegyptopithecus, 135, 136, 140

Afar region, 149, 154, 162, 166 , 175, 204

affiliative actions, 88

Africa

Australopithecus in, 149 , 150, 152, 152 , 153 ,

158, 180

cave/rock art, 217–220

Chororapithecus abyssinicus in, 140, 141

food production, 229

H. erectus in, 173, 180–181, 183–187, 190

H. ergaster in, 180, 181

H. habilis in, 167, 173, 179–180

H. sapiens in, 190, 194–195

hominoids in, 30 , 123–124

Homo genus migration from, 119, 173, 182 ,

182, 186

alternate Homo species in, 181

human evolution evidence in, 78, 103, 112 ,

139, 150

in human origins debate, 200, 203–213, 295 ,

295–296

Miocene apes in, 123, 136, 138

mitochondrial Eve in, 207

ochre used in, 191, 215–216, 216

plant domestication in, 238

prosimians in, 58 , 58–59, 135

rock/cave art, 217–220

tool making in, 174 , 180, 186, 191, 195–196,

203, 215

vegetation zones, 166

See also bipedalism; fossils; Old World

monkeys

African Burial Ground Project, 11, 280

African origins hypothesis, 200, 203–213, 295 ,

295–296

African Wildlife Foundation, 73

aggression, 82, 269

agribusiness, 244

agriculture

defined, 250

and city development, 253

environmental impact of, 129, 240, 259

innovation in, 262

pathologies related to, 249–250

and plant domestication, 232, 249–250

slash-and-burn, 72, 241

slash-and-char, 241

See also domestication, of plants; farming

AIDS (HIV/AIDS), 19–20, 35–37, 76, 313

alleles

defined, 35, 277, 288

for blood types, 288–289, 289

and clines, 50

disease-resistant, 272

dominant, 39, 41

frequencies of, 302

functions of, 35–44

for intelligence, 286

and microevolution, 123–124

recessive, 39, 41, 46

sickle-cell, 48 , 48–50, 292, 301

Tay-Sachs, 272–273

See also genes

Allen’s rule, 304–305, 305

Altamira cave site, 219

altruism, 91

Amazonia, 68, 240–241

See also South America

Ambrona site, 188

Ambrose, Stanley, 199

American Anthropological Association

(AAA), 21

American Indians. See Native Americans

American Sign Language, 55

Americas

Archaic cultures in, 230

Bronze Age in, 263

cities developing in, 253, 255

colonization of, 267

disease in, 274

human migration to, 203, 222–225, 225 , 227

metals used in, 263

Neolithic culture in, 246–248, 255

plant domestication in, 237

primates in, 58–59

swine-borne diseases in, 274

writing systems, 267

amino acid racemization, 116 , 118–119

Amish culture, 243

anagenesis, 125 , 125–126

analogies (biological), 30 , 31

anatomical modernity, 203–205, 222, 294, 295

ancestral characteristics, 127

angiosperms, 132

Animal Welfare Act (U.S.), 76

anthropoids

overview, 58–59

ancestors of, 69

behavior, 78

characteristics, 63–67, 133–136

classification, 30 , 61, 61

in the Eocene, 123

evolutionary lines, 140

in the Oligocene, 238

vs. prosimians, 65 , 65–66, 133 , 138

taxonomies, 58

See also macroevolution, overview

Anthropologists of Note, boxed features

Asfaw, Berhane, 208

Boas, Franz, 9, 17, 17 , 280, 301 , 301–302

Ellison, Peter, 302 , 303

Goodall, Jane, 9 , 54–55, 78–82, 81 , 84, 94, 95

Imanishi, Kinji, 81 , 82

Jackson, Fatimah, 280

Leakey, Louis, 78, 81, 136, 148–149, 149 , 158,

167, 174, 178

Leakey, Mary, 148–149, 149 , 152, 160, 167, 174

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 306

Stephenson, Matilda Coxe, 17

Wilson, Allan, 138–139

Wu, Xinzhi, 208

anthropology

overview, 2, 3–25

applied, 7

biocultural, 8, 37

biological, 113, 280, 302, 306–307

comparative methodology, 20–21, 58, 151, 155

cultural, 7 , 11–13, 18, 37, 40, 99–120

cultural relativist, 22

as empirical social science discipline, 16

ethical issues, 18, 21–22, 54–56, 114

fieldwork, 18–19

and globalization, 22–25

holistic perspective, 2–3, 14

as humanities discipline, 16

medical, 7, 226, 306–312

physical, 7 , 7–10, 109, 176

Italic page numbers indicate charts, figures, and maps.

12196_IND_p346-356.indd 34612196_IND_p346-356.indd 346 2/4/10 12:28:59 PM2/4/10 12:28:59 PM