Evolution And History

350 Index

geographic information systems (GIS), 106

geologic time, 101, 130

geomagnetics, 119, 119

Georgia, 180

gibbons, 56, 59 , 59–60, 70 , 70–71, 79, 140

Glaser, Bruno, 240–241

Glasse, Robert, 314–315

global corporations, 298

global warming, 22, 22 , 305, 317–318

globalization

and anthropology, 3, 22–25

health effected by, 315–321

human adaptation to, 299

and structural violence, 315–321

Globalscapes, boxed features

gorilla habitat destruction, 72

Iraqi artifacts stolen/recovered, 265

organ transplantation business, 23

pig farming fiasco, 245

Population Media Center, 308

Willandra Lakes World Heritage site, 222

World Heritage Sites in danger, 224

Goldsmith, Michele, 55 , 55–56

Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve, 78, 81, 94

Gona site, 173, 175 , 175, 183

Gondwanaland, 132

Goodall, Jane, 9 , 54–55, 78–82, 81 , 84, 94, 95

gorillas

communication, 89

in Goldsmith’s studies, 55–56

grooming, 83–84

habitat, 55–56, 72–73, 124

human rights accorded to, 95

lineage, 139–140, 140

as prey, 179

protection of, 73

as related to humans, 53, 137

sexual dimorphism, 169

sexuality, 84

social organization, 80

threats to, 71 , 71–72

tool use, 94

See also apes

Gould, Stephen Jay, 17, 94, 126

May, Sir Robert, 128

government(s), 253, 260, 263–270

See also centralized authority; states

gracile australopithecus, 159, 160

grades (taxonomic groupings), 58, 126, 152, 161

Grand Dolina Site, 185

grave goods, 268–269, 269

Great Ape Trust of Iowa, 91

great apes, 70–71

Great Chain of Being, 28

Great Rift Valley system, 152

Green Revolution, 129

greenhouse effect, 317

grid system (archaeological), 107, 109, 109

grooming (primate), 83–84

ground penetrating radar (GPR), 106

growth in primates, 9, 88–89, 89

Guilette, Elizabeth, 319

Guntupalli, Aravinda, 45

habitat destruction, 9, 53, 71 , 72–74, 129

habituation, 55–56

Haeckel, Ernst, 180

hafting, 191–192, 192 , 196

hands

of A. afarensis, 156

as analogies, 31

of bipeds, 156, 164–166, 180

of H. habilis, 168

of primates, 30, 60, 63–64, 66–68, 68 ,

70–71, 124

See also feet; prehensile limbs

Haplorhini suborder, 58 , 59

Hardenbergh, Harden, 196

Hardy-Weinberg principle, 41

Fossey, Dian, 71

fossil dating, 99, 114–119

fossil evidence, 8, 110–114, 294

fossil excavation, 109–110

fossil preservation, 110–111

fossils

of A. afarensis, 112

of Ardipithecus, 144 , 144, 148 , 148–150

of bipeds, 136–138, 144–170

of early humans, 78, 103, 105, 107, 117

of early mammals, 130–133

and evolutionary history, 126–127, 139–140

finding of, 105–111

formation of, 103

of genus Homo, 172–200, 182 , 184 , 185 , 195 , 196

of H. erectus, 103, 180–181, 185

of H. sapiens, 203–204, 205 , 206–213, 207 , 222 ,

222–223

of hominoids, 136–137

of Ida, 122, 122 , 134, 135

interpretation of, 128, 130

KNM ER, 168

language indicated by, 189

of Miocene Apes, 136–141

and molecular evidence, 139

nature of, 99, 101–103, 109

of New World monkeys, 136

of primates, 8, 54 , 58, 65 , 103, 122 , 131 ,

132–136, 133

sale of, 105–111

transitional, 135

founder effects, 43

fovea centralis, 63–64

FOXP2 gene, 200

Franklin, Rosalind, 33 , 34

frugivores, 94

Fukuoka, Masanubu, 261

Gajdusek, Carleton, 314–315

Galapagos Islands, 32, 126–127

Galdikas, Biruté M. F., 86

Galloway, Patricia, 274

Garbage Project, 15

gardening. See horticulture/horticultural societies

gelada baboons, 85

gender, 176 , 176–177, 220

gene flow

defined, 43

as evolutionary force, 27, 41, 209, 212

in H. sapiens, 203

in human populations, 225, 281

and Neandertals, 209–210

in the Pleistocene, 206

prevention of, 123–127

gene pools, 41–43, 47

genes, 197–198

defined, 33

overview, 35–44

environmental interaction with, 299, 301, 318

mutations in, 126 , 270–271

of Neandertals, 192–194, 193

and race, 282

for skin color, 293, 295

See also alleles; DNA; race; racism

genetic base pairs (A, C, G, T), 34 , 34, 36, 40

See also DNA

genetic code, 26, 33, 35

genetic comparisons, 55, 58–59

genetic diversity/variation, 38, 43

genetic drift, 27, 41, 43, 44–45, 90, 124–125,

125 , 289

genetic testing, 26, 37, 273

genetic variation, 277–278, 281, 287

genetics and evolution, 27–50

genito-genital rubbing, 82

genocide, 278, 280, 283 , 283–284

genomes, 26, 35, 37, 41, 58, 207, 280, 313

genotypes, 38–39, 46, 288, 291–292

genus, defined, 29

evolution (cont.)

sexual behavior and, 87

See also Darwin, Charles; human evolution;

macroevolution, overview

evolutionary medicine, 299, 312–314

extinction rates, 129

Falk, Dean, 165

farming

in Amazonia, 240–241

and biological adaptation, 49

and city development, 253–254, 257, 262–265

and civilization, 271–273

crop farming, 237, 244, 250

and disease, 226, 248, 273, 300

environmental impact of, 72, 234, 318

and fertility, 242–243

vs. foraging, 234

and government, 268–271

irrigation, 250, 262–263, 268–271, 273

in Jericho, 244–246

by Native Americans, 239, 248, 250

origins, 228–232, 232 , 235

pesticide use in, 319

pig farming, 245

as progress, 250

root crop vs. seed crop, 237

slash-and-burn, 72, 241

See also agriculture; domestication, of plants;

food production; Maya civilization

fava beans/favism, 292

Fay, Michael, 179

Fayum site, 134

feet. See bipedalism; prehensile limbs

Fenn, Elizabeth, 274

Fertile Crescent (Asia), 234 , 234–237

fertility (human), 202, 219–220, 242 , 249,

302–304, 308

fieldwork, 12, 18–19

finch beak studies, 126–127

Finland, 14

fire (controlled), 173, 187–188, 208, 225

First Family (A. afarensis), 154

fission track dating, 116 , 119

Flores site, 188–189

flotation (archaeological), 107

fluorine dating analysis, 116 , 116–117, 151

folivores, 94

food foraging

domestic plants as outcome of, 237

vs. farming, 234

in the Fertile Crescent, 236

vs. food production, 229, 250

on open water, 230

shifts from, 228, 248–250

Stone Age, 229–231

time consumed in, 20, 229

vision in, 63

food production

failure of, 244, 248–249

vs. food foraging, 229, 250

in the Neolithic, 229–230, 242

shifts from, 253

See also agriculture; domestication, of plants;

farming; hunting

food storage, 232, 235

foraging. See food foraging

foramen magnum, 66, 146

Ford, Anabel, 260–262, 262

Fore culture, 314–315

forensic anthropology, 10 , 10–11, 113

Forest Service (U.S.), 16

forests

adaptation to, 49, 62–63, 68–72

hominids in, 144–145, 148 , 148–149

Maya, 260–262

in primate evolution, 62–63, 132

vs. savannah, 152, 163

See also Maya civilization; rainforests; Tikal

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