Evolution And History

352 Index

Mellers, Paul, 220

Mendel, Gregor, 32–33, 39–40

Mesoamerica, 111, 247–248, 253, 255, 256 , 261

See also Central America; Mexico

Mesolithic period, 227, 230–231, 248

Mesopotamia. See Iraq

Mexico, 239, 241–242, 245–246, 273, 282 , 319

See also Aztec culture; Maya civilization;

Teotihuacan

microevolution, 41, 123

microliths, 230

middens, 107

Middle Paleolithic era, 173, 195–200, 204, 212,

215–216

Miocene apes, 136–141, 138 , 140 , 149, 154

Miocene epoch, 123, 131 , 133 , 135–138, 152–162,

161

Mitchell, William, 78

mitochondrial DNA, 206 , 206–207, 210, 225

mitochondrial Eve theory, 138–139, 206–207

mitosis, 37, 38

modern humans. See biological diversity;

communication; Homo erectus; Homo

sapiens; human origins debates also; race;

racism

modernization, 309

molecular anthropology, 7, 58, 140–141, 210

molecular clock, 138–139, 206

monkeys

brains, 64

capuchin, 94

colobus, 69, 140

early appearance of, 123–124

golden lion tamarin, 74

lemur, 59 , 65 , 66–67, 89 , 133 , 135

loris, 59 , 65 , 66–67, 135

macaque, 69–72, 81, 89 , 91–92, 92 , 140 , 200

muriqui, 68

reconciliation among, 83

rhesus, 83

snub-nosed, 54

stumptail, 83

taxonomies of, 59, 59

See also apes; New World monkeys; Old World

monkeys

monogamy, 85, 164

Montagu, Ashley, 280

Monte Verde Site, 224

Mousterian tools, 195 , 195–199, 204, 210, 211

multiregional hypothesis, 205–206, 208, 213, 295

muriqui monkeys, 68

Murray, Charles, 286

Muslims, 28

mutation

dietary causes, 313

and disease, 274, 313

as evolutionary force, 27, 41–43

in genes, 126 , 271–272, 292

and isolating mechanisms, 124

molecular clock hypothesis, 138–139

and natural selection, 47

in sickle-cell anemia, 48 , 48–49

in speciation, 125

myths, 4, 280, 284

See also art; creation stories; creationism

Nariokotome Boy, 181, 184

natal groups, 80

National Park Service (U.S), 16

nation-state distinctions, 24

Native American Graves Protection and

Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 16, 114, 115

Native Americans

and the Bohannon site, 108

devastation of, 248

diabetes affecting, 290–291, 291

facial features of, 50

farming by, 239, 248, 250

and gene flow, 225

Leakey, Louise, 152, 158

Leakey, Mary, 148–149, 149 , 152, 160, 167, 174

Leakey, Meave, 158

Leakey, Richard, 153

Leakey foundation, 208

learning

overview, 88–95

and natural selection, 180

in primates, 64, 70, 78, 81, 83, 88

Leclerc-Madlala, Suzanne, 19 , 19–20

lemurs, 59 , 65 , 66–67, 89 , 133 , 135

Levalloisian tools, 191 , 191, 192 , 195, 211

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 306

Lewin, Roger, 218–219

Lewontin, Richard, 281

Lindenbaum, Shirley, 314–315

lineage. See human lineage

linguistic anthropology, 7 , 13–14, 203, 226

linguistic relativity, 13

Linnaeus, Carolus, 28, 29 , 58, 137, 278

Linton, Sally, 176

Lock Margaret, 8

Lorblanchet, Michel, 218–219

lorises, 59 , 65 , 66–67, 135

Lovejoy, C. Owen, 153

Lower Paleolithic era, 173, 175, 177, 186, 189

Lucy (A. afarensis), 112 , 153 , 153–154

Lucy’s baby, 155, 155

lumpers vs. splitters, 168–170, 180–181, 181 , 191

Lyell, Sir Charles, 31–32

macaques, 69–72, 81, 89 , 91–92, 92 , 140 , 200

macroevolution, overview, 124–141

mad cow disease, 95, 314–315

Madagascar prosimians, 58 , 65 , 66

Maggioncalda, Anne Nancy, 86–87

malaria

adaptations to, 292, 301

casava as treatment, 280

and farming, 249, 300

and global warming, 317

origins in America, 274

and sickle-cell anemia, 48–49, 49 , 272, 289

Malian medical practices, 310–311

malnutrition, 165, 170, 228, 248–249, 312,

315–317, 317

Malpani, Aniruddha, 45

Malthus, Thomas, 32

mammals

adaptations of, 47

defined, 28

body fat in, 243

brains, 189

early appearance of, 8, 128, 130–132, 131

expansion of, 128

humans as, 30 , 35

See also Homo entries; primates

man the hunter theory, 175–176, 178–179

Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race

(Montagu), 280

Marks, Jonathan, 40, 40 , 286

marrow, 177

Marshack, Alexander, 189, 198

material culture, 100

matrix (archaeological), 110

Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 91

May, Sir Robert, 129

Maya civilization, 106, 111, 257–267, 270–271, 273

Mbuti culture, 215

McCain, John, 115

McDermott, LeRoy, 220

McFarlane, Len, 196

McKenna, James, 312–314

mediation in primates, 93

medical anthropology, 7, 226, 306–312

medical pluralism, 315

medical systems, 306–307

meiosis, 38, 38

melanin, 291–293

Inupiaq culture, 103–105

Iraq, 211, 265 , 266, 270

Irish potato famine, 244

Iroquois nation, 108, 108

irrigation. See farming

ischial callosities, 79

isolating mechanisms, 124

isotherms, 131

See also reptiles

Israel, 197–199, 198 , 211, 231

Jackson, Fatimah, 280

Japan

Old World monkeys in, 69–70

organ transplantation, 8

pottery, 246

primate learning in, 91–92, 92 , 95

tool traditions in, 195

See also Imanishi, Kinji

Java, 151, 180–181, 184, 194–195, 221–222

Jensen, Anne, 103–104, 104

Jericho, 231, 234 , 244–246

Johanson, Donald, 153

Ju/’honsai people

breastfeeding/fertility studies of, 243

remains taken from, 114

Jurassic period, 130, 131

Kanjera site, 149

Kanzi (bonobo), 91 , 91, 200

Kao Poh Nam site, 187

karyotypes, 36

Kebara cave site, 197–199, 211–212

Kennewick Man, 16, 114, 115 , 115, 224–225

Kenya, 136, 141, 149, 153 , 158 , 178

See also Black Skull; Lake Turkana site

Kenyanthropus platyops, 158, 158

Khaldun, Ibn, 4

knives (tools), 186–187, 191, 230–231, 264

KNM ER fossils, 168, 168 , 169 , 181–182

knuckle walking, 42, 70–71, 137

Königswald, G. H. R. von, 184

Konner, Melvin, 226, 243

Koobi Fora site, 168, 181 , 195

Krapina site, 197

Kruuk, Hans, 178

k-selection, 132

kuru (mad cow disease), 95, 314–315

Kuru Sorcery (Lindenbaum), 315

labor diversification, 253, 262–263

lactase/lactose, 291

Laetoli site, 147 , 148–150, 152 , 153–154, 157, 183

Lake Turkana site (Kenya), 152 , 160 , 160, 166 ,

168, 168 , 175, 183–184

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 31

Landau, Misia, 174

language

in apes, 8, 13, 91, 200

and brains, 175, 180, 189 , 190

fossil records indicating, 189

in H. erectus, 188–191

in Homo genus, 190 , 195, 198–200

language gene, 200

Middle Paleolithic, 198–200

in Neandertals, 192, 198–199

in primates, 190

sign language, 55, 91 , 91

and symbolic images, 190

See also communication

Lascaux cave, 216

Laurasia, 123, 132, 133

law of competitive exclusion, 161

law of independent assortment, 33

law of segregation, 33

Le Moustier cave site, 196

See also Mousterian tools

Leakey, Louis, 78, 81, 136, 148–149, 149 , 158,

167, 174, 178

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