Index 353Paleocene epoch, 131 , 132, 133
Paleoindian hunters, 225
Paleolithic era, 118, 189, 225–227, 229–230, 250
See also Lower Paleolithic era; Middle
Paleolithic era; Upper Paleolithic era
paleomagnteic reversals, 116 , 119
paleotourism, 223
palynology, 117
parasites, 29, 56, 68, 83–84, 93, 309, 313
participant observation, 12, 16
pastoralism, 250
patriarchies, 88
Pech Merle cave site, 218 , 218–219
Pei, W. C., 185
Peking Man, 185, 208
Pennings, Guido, 44
percussion method (tool making), 174 ,
174–175, 175
Permian period, 131, 131
personality, 89
Perttula, Timothy K., 274
pesticides, 76, 237, 318–319, 319
Peterson, James B., 240
Petralona site, 190
phenotypes, 39, 46, 288, 292, 293, 301
physical anthropology, 7 , 7–10, 109, 176
See also biological anthropology
physical remains, 99–102
physical variability, 277–278
physiological adaptation, 9, 50, 290, 299,
303–305, 312
physiological stress, 248 , 248–249
pictorial art. See cave art; rock art
pigs, 233, 236–238, 238 , 244–245, 245 , 250 , 274
Pilbeam, David, 138–139
Piltdown hoax, 117, 151 , 151
Pinker, Stephen, 13–14
Pithecanthropus erectus, 180
Platyrrhini infraorder, 58 , 59
Pleistocene Epoch, 131 , 133 , 216
Pliocene epoch, 131 , 133 , 146, 150,
152–162, 161
Pöch, Rudolph, 114
Point Franklin Project, 103–104, 104
Poirier, Frank, 208
poison delivery, 215
Pokotylo, David, 196
Pollan, Michael, 232
pollen dating, 117, 198
pollution
as anthropology focus, 9, 105, 307
as health hazard, 317
as man-made stressor, 305
overpopulation increasing, 316
UNESCO protections against, 223
polygamy, 164
polygenetic inheritance, 39–40
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 112
polymorphic traits, 288–289
polytypic species, 289
population, defined, 41
Population Media Center, 308
population size (human), 24, 43–44, 226, 242,
316 , 316–318
potassium-argon dating, 116 , 118, 160
pottery
in archaeology, 14, 101, 110–112
dating methods, 117
and food production, 229
indicating animal domestication, 237
indication plant domestication, 232
Iroquois, 108
Neolithic, 246–248
as secondary innovation, 231
poverty and health, 317, 320–321
Powell, W. David, 285
preadaptation, 131
precipitation (chemical), 138
pregnancy, 37, 86, 88, 220, 242, 312–313Obama, Barack, 276, 281
obesity, 291–292, 303, 317 , 317
obsidian, 196, 246
ochre pigment, 191–192, 198, 211, 215, 216 , 219,
222–223
Old Stone Age. See Paleolithic era
Old World anthropoids, 61, 69, 123, 136, 140
Old World monkeys, 58 , 60 , 61 , 61, 69–70, 78–79,
79 , 123, 133 , 133–134, 136, 138
Olduvai Gorge site
Acheulean tool tradition at, 186
and fossil dating, 118
Homo (genus) at, 167–168
Homo erectus at, 168, 183
importance of, 149
location, 152 , 166 , 181
robust australopithecus at, 160
tools at, 149, 167–168, 174–175, 186
Oligocene anthropoids, 134
Oligocene epoch, 131 , 133 , 134–136
Ombelet, Willem, 44
omnivores, 94
On Fertile Ground (Ellison), 302
On the Origin of the Species (Darwin), 32, 124–
125, 160, 192, 302
opposable digits, 66, 147
orangutans
adolescence arrested in, 86–87
ancestry, 59
classification, 30 , 56, 59, 60
DNA, 60
grooming, 84
habitat limitations, 124
human rights accorded to, 95
lineage, 140
rape among, 86, 87
sexual behavior among, 87
and Sivapithecus, 139
solitary nature, 79
tool use, 70 , 93
organ transplantation, 8, 23
Original Studies, boxed features
action archaeology, 260–262
ankles of Australopithecines, 155–157
ape vs. human genetics, 40–41
the basketball gene, 286
dancing skeletons, 310–311
El Pilar, 260–262
ethics of ape habituation/conservation, 55–56
habituation ethics, 55–56
HIV/AIDS in Africa, 19–20
humans as prey, 178–179
Malian medical practices, 310–311
melding head and heart, 129
mortality and stress, 248–249
Paleolithic paint job, 218
Point Glenn Project (Barrow, Alaska), 103–105
reconciliation among bonobos, 82–83
ornamental art, 220
Orrorin tugenensis (human ancestor), 141 , 142,
146, 161
Ötsi (Ice Man), 101
Otte, Marcel, 198
out of Africa (Eve) hypothesis, 206–207
overpopulation, 45
See also population size (human)
ovulation, 84–85, 85
Owsley, Doug, 115
Pääbo, Svante, 200
pair bonding, 164
paleoanthropology
defined, 8
field methods, 99–120, 102 , 109–110, 127,
130, 133
functions, 100, 124, 139, 294
limitations, 168
women in, 176
paleobotany, 233languages of, 13
origins, 224–225
plant domestication, 248
skulls, 225
See also Hopi Indians; Inuit culture
Natufian culture, 231, 234 , 235–236
Natural Resource Conservation Service (U.S.), 16
natural selection
and adaptation, 47, 127, 301
and brain evolution, 180
as evolutionary force, 27, 32, 44–47, 90–91, 162
finches as examples, 126–127
and mutation, 47
and primates, 57
and sickle-cell anemia, 48
and social organization, 82
Nazca Desert (Peru), 106, 106
Nazi Germany, 114, 284
Neandertals
overview, 192–196
in Asia, 173
brains, 192, 198–199, 205, 207
coexistence with modern humans, 211
cranium, 190, 195
vs. Cro-Magnons, 204
debates about, 203
disappearance, 212
in Europe, 173
language in, 192, 198–199
vs. modern humans, 194 , 206, 211
physical characteristics, 210
and race, 212–213
skulls, 173, 193 , 193–196, 199–200, 205, 207
stereotypes of, 193 , 204 , 204, 295
symbolic life of, 196–198
tool use, 173, 200, 204
in the Upper Paleolithic, 210
See also Homo sapiens; human origins debates
Neolithic period
in the Americas, 246–248, 255
artifacts, 244
in China, 255
civilization deriving from, 254, 255
clothing, 246
disease in, 228
food production, 229–230, 242
housing, 246
and human biology, 248
material culture, 246–247
Maya in, 261
pastoralism, 250
pottery, 246
and progress, 250
revolution, 229, 231
settlements/villages, 244–246, 247 , 249, 254
social structure, 247
tool making, 246
See also domestication, of animals;
domestication, of plants
nets, 215
New Stone Age. See Neolithic period
New World monkeys, 58 , 58–59, 59 , 61 , 66, 68 ,
68–69, 85, 88, 134, 136
nocturnal animals, 46–47, 57–58, 62, 64–65, 67,
88, 123, 131–132
nondirected evolution, 127–128
North America
adaptations in, 300, 303
disease in, 274, 307, 314
early cities, 271
migration into, 224–225, 225
Neolithic housing in, 246
plant domestication in, 237–239, 238 , 248
primates in, 123, 132–135
racism in, 280, 283
sickle-cell anemia in, 48
See also gender; social class/stratification
noses, 54, 58–59, 64, 65 , 67–69, 69 , 192–193, 311
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