386 IndexNiobium
as alloying element, 8, 10, 39, 41, 61,
64, 70, 285
as carbide former, 324
effect on corrosion resistance, 374
effect on tempering resistance, 313-14
for grain size control, 148-9
as micro-alloying element, 139, 142
prevention of chromium carbide
formation, 315
Niobium carbonitride, 9-10
Nitric Acid Grade (NAG) steels, 369
Nitriding process, 221-2, 223
Nitro-carburizing see carbonitriding
process
Nitrogen
as alloying element, 43
as austenite former, 293, 299, 313
as cause of chromium depletion, 326
effect on impact properties, 146, 333
effect on recrystallization, 17, 19
effect on tempering resistance, 313
as nickel replacement, 316
to increase stress values, 316
Nizec (zinc/nickel coating), 87, 122
Noise reduction, sound deadened steel,
120, 126
Normalize-free products, 285
Normalized steels, 284-5
Normalizing process, 138-9
Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, 368-9
Offshore structures, 175-6
cast steel nodes, 178
Certificates of Fitness, 176
design considerations, 176-7
fatigue cracking, 176
steel selection, 177-8
steel specifications, 178
tubular frame construction, 176- 7
use of stainless steels, 376-8
Orange peel effect, 348
Organic-coating
Durasteel, 122
low-carbon strip steel, 93-5
Orientation distribution function, 12-15
Orientation textures, 12
Overageing process, 47, 53
Oxalic acid test, 323
Pack carburizing, 219- 20
Paint stoving, 66
Passive layer/film, 291,321
Patenting process, 286
Pearlite, 7, 146
Pearlitic steels, 272-4, 287
Peierls stress, 272
Perforation corrosion, 121
Petch equation see HaU-Petch equation
Petroleum industry steels, 332
Phosphorus
as alloying element, 56, 57, 64
effect on corrosion resistance, 163
effect on toughness, 142
Pickle lines, 3
Pinholing (corrosion attack), 326
Pipelines
fittings, 190-92
property requirements, 187-9
sour gas service, 195-6
specifications, 187-8
toughness requirement, 188
see also linepipe
Pitting corrosion, 314, 326-7
Pittsburgh lock seam, 106
Plastic coating see organic-coating
Plug failure, welding, 102
Polar thickness strain, 24, 27
Pole figure, 12
Polyester coatings, 94, 125
Precipitation strengthening, 8, 139
of stainless steels, 330
strengthening mechanisms, 142-4
Press joining, 106-108
Pressure vessel steels, 351-3
Prices see steel, prices
Primary tempering, 318-19
PVC Organosol coating, 94
PVC Plastisol coating, 94, 125
PVF2 coating, 94, 125
Quenching treatments, 4, 220- 21R factor (rupture ductility), 269
r value see strain ratio
Rail steels, 274
austenitic manganese, 278-9
flash butt welding, 277
high-strength grades, 276
specifications, 275 - 7
wear resistance, 277-8
Recrystallization
during controlled rolling, 150- 51
stop temperature, 150
texture changes, 10, 16-19
Red hardness, 255
Reinforcing. bars, 179
cold-twisted, 180
controlled-cooled, 180-82
standard specifications, 179
traditional steels, 180
Repassivation process, 321