Index 389effect on fatigue performance, 251
effect on recrystallization, 10
for grain size control, 148-9
as micro-alloying element, 139, 142,
281
prevention of chromium carbide
formation, 314-15
promotion of delta ferrite, 293
for reduction of intergranular attack,
326
for strength increase, 61, 64
Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP),
57-8, 71
Transformation-strengthened steels,
10-11, 71, 139, 144, 151
TRIP retained austenite steels, 76-81, 84
True strain, 20- 21
True stress, 20-21
Tubular frame construction, offshore
structures, 176-7
Tungsten
as delta ferfite former, 299
in high-speed steels, 255
Turbine blades, 271
Turbine bolts, 268-9
Turbine casings, 265
Turbine generator end rings, 268
Turbine rotors, 265-8
Type, 304 stainless steels, 370, 373, 375
Type, 310 steels, 365
Type, 315 steels, 375
Type, 316 steels, 364, 375, 376
Type, 317 steels, 375
Type, 321 steel, 369
Type, 409 stainless steels, 370, 373
Type, 1210 steels, 371
ULSAB (ultra light steel auto body)
project, 118-21
Ultra-high-strength steels, 82-5
Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steels, 39, 41
bake-hardening, 69- 71
Unisteel Bearing Fatigue Rig testing, 250
Vacuum arc degassing (VAD), 39, 253
Vacuum arc remelting (VAR), 253
Vacuum carbon deoxidation (VCD)
treatment, 268
Vacuum degassing, 252-3
Vacuum induction melting (VIM), 253
Vacuum melting process
(Airco-Temescal), 332
Vacuum oxygen process (VOD), 292
Vanadium
as alloying element, 8, 61, 71,201,285
as delta ferrite former, 299effect on hardenability, 211 - 13
effect on intedamellar spacing, 288
effect on strength, 147
effect on tempering resistance and
hardenability, 218-19, 312
in high-speed steels, 255-6
as micro-alloying element, 139, 142,
28O
for precipitation strengthening, 149
VANARD grades, micro-alloy steels, 283
Vickers (HV) hardness testing, 207
Vitreous enamelling process, 127- 8Wall-ironing operation, 99
Wear-resistant materials, 370-71
rail steels, 275, 276, 277-8
Weathering grade steels, 142
for FGD process, 367
Weld decay, 323
Weld penetration, 338-41
Weldability formulae, 189
Weldability lobes, 102
Weldbonding, 109
Welding processes
electric resistance, 189
for stainless steels, 334-41
for strip steel, 101 - 106
for structural steels, 185
submerged arc, 189
zero ferrite electrodes, 337
White rust, 86, 89
Wire drawing, 287
Wire rod, high carbon see high-carbon
wire rod
Work hardening
stainless steels, 341,343-5
strengthening mechanisms, 140
Work-hardening coefficient, 20, 25-7
Wrinkling effect, in pressing process, 30Yield strength, 272-.4Zalutite, 92
Zero ferrite electrodes, 337
Zinc-coated steels
alloy coatings, 91-93
cold-forming behaviour, 89-90
corrosion resistance, 88-9
performance in aqueous media, 89
production methods, 85-7
resistance spot welding, 104
standard specifications, 90-91
zinc/nickel coating, 87
Zincal Duplex, 122
Zirconium, corrosion resistance, 374