http://www.alsenosy.com | http://www.professionalengineers.uso Internaldependencies.Internaldependenciesinvolveaprecedencerelationshipbetweenproject
activitiesandaregenerallyinsidetheprojectteam'scontrol.Forexample,iftheteamcannottesta
machine until they assemble it, there is an internal mandatory dependency. The project
managementteamdetermineswhichdependenciesareinternalduringtheprocessofsequencing
theactivities.
87 - 88
89.Answer: D.
PMBOK® Guide, page 192 , Section 6. 3. 2. 3
Leads and Lags
Aleadistheamountoftimeasuccessoractivitycanbeadvancedwithrespecttoapredecessor
activity.Forexample,on aprojectto constructanewofficebuilding,the landscapingcould be
scheduledtostarttwoweekspriortothescheduledpunchlistcompletion.Thiswouldbeshownasa
finish-to-startwith atwo-weeklead asshownin Figure 6 – 10 .Leadis oftenrepresentedasa
negativevalueforlaginschedulingsoftware.
Alagistheamountoftimeasuccessoractivitywillbedelayedwithrespecttoapredecessoractivity.
Forexample,atechnicalwritingteammaybegineditingthedraftofalargedocument 15 daysafter
theybeginwritingit.Thiscanbeshownasastart-to-startrelationshipwitha 15 - daylag,asshownin
Figure 6 – 10 .LagcanalsoberepresentedinprojectschedulenetworkdiagramsasshowninFigure 6
- 11 intherelationshipbetweenactivitiesHandI(asindicatedbythenomenclatureSS+ 10 [start-
to-startplus 10 dayslag]eventhoughtheoffsetisnotshownrelativetoatimescale).
90.Answer:A.
PMBOK® Guide, page 201 , Section 6. 4. 2. 4 ; andGlossary
Three-PointEstimating
The accuracy of single-point duration estimates may be improved by considering estimation
uncertaintyandrisk.Usingthree-pointestimateshelpsdefineanapproximaterangeforanactivity's
durationasfollows:
o Mostlikely(tM).Thisestimateisbasedonthedurationoftheactivity,giventheresourceslikelyto
beassigned,theirproductivity,realisticexpectationsofavailabilityfortheactivity,dependencieson
otherparticipants,andinterruptions.
o Optimistic(tO).Theactivitydurationbasedonanalysisofthebest-casescenariofortheactivity.
o Pessimistic (tP). The duration based on analysis of the worst-case scenario for the activity.
Dependingontheassumeddistributionofvalueswithintherangeofthethreeestimates,the
expectedduration,tE,canbecalculated.Onecommonlyusedformulaistriangulardistribution:tE
= (tO+tM+tP)/ 3 .Triangulardistributionisusedwhenthereareinsufficienthistoricaldataor
when using judgmental data. Duration estimates based on three points with an assumed
distribution provide an expected duration and clarify the range of uncertainty around the
expectedduration.
- Answer:A.
PMBOK® Guide, page 200 , Section 6. 4. 2. 2