Human Anatomy Vol 1

SUBFACE MARKING, RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND COMPABISON OF UPPER AND LOWEB LIMBS

Nerves

Arteries

Bones

and

joints

Nerves

Muscles

Blood
vessels

Upper limb

Median nerue for 672 muscles and ulnar nerve

lor 1Tz muscles of anterior aspect of forearm.

These are flexors of wrist and pronators of

forearm. Posterior interosseous nerve or deep

branch of radial supplies the extensors of the wrist

and the supinator muscle of forearm. lt winds

around radius (preaxial bone) and corresponds

to deep peroneal nerve. The superficial branch

of radial nerve corresponds to the superficial

peroneal nerve

Brachial divides into radial and ulnar branches

in the cubital fossa. Fladial corresponds to

anterior tibial artery

Hand

There are eight small carpal bones occupying very

small area of the hand. First carpometacarpal

joint, i.e. joint between trapezium and base of 1st

metacarpal is a unique joint. lt is of saddle variety

and permits a versatile movement of opposition

in addition to other movements. This permits the

hand to hold things, e.g. doll, pencil, food, bat,

etc. Opponens pollicis is specially for opposition

Median nerve supplies 5 muscles of hand

including 1st and 2nd lumbricals (abductor pollicis

brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis,

1st and 2nd lumbricals)

Ulnar nerve corresponds to lateral plantar nerue

and supplies 15 intrinsic muscles of the hand

Muscles which enter the palm from forearm, e.g.

flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum

profundus, flexor pollicis longus are supplied by

the nerves of the forearm. 1st and 2nd lumbricals

are unipennate and are supplied by median

nerue. 3rd and 4th are bipennate being supplied

by deep branch of ulnar nerve. No muscle on

dorsum of hand

Radial artery corresponds to anterior tibial while

ulnar artery corresponds to posterior tibial artery.

Ulnar artery divides into supedicial and deep

branches. There are two palmar arches,

superficial and deep. The supefficial arch mainly

is formed by ulnar artery and deep arch is formed

mainly by the radial artery. Cephalic vein is along

the preaxial border. Basilic vein runs along the

postaxial border of the limb and terminates in the

middle of the arm

The axis oI movement of adduction and abduction

is through the third digit or middle finger. So the

middle finger has two dorsal interossei muscles

Tibial nerve for all the plantar flexors of the ankle joint. Common

peroneal winds around neck of fibula (postaxial bone) and

divides into superficial and deep branches. The deep peroneal

supplies dorsiflexors (extensors) of the ankle joint. The

superficial peroneal nerve supplies a separate lateral

compartment of leg

Popliteal divides into anterior tibial and posterior tibial in the

popliteal fossa. Posterior tibial corresponds to ulnar artery

Foot

Seven big tarsal bones occupying almost half of the foot. There

are special joints between talus, calcaneus and navicular, i.e.

subtalar and talocalcaneo-navicular joints. They permit the

movements of inversion and eversion (raising the medial

border/lateral border of the foot) for walking on the uneven

surfaces. This movement of inversion is similar to supination

and of eversion to pronation of forearm. Flexor digitorum

accessorius is a distinct muscle to straighten the action of flexor

digitorum longus tendons in line with the toes on which these

act. Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior and peroneus longus

reach the foot and sole for the movements of inversion (first

two) and eversion (last one) respectively

Medial plantar supplies four muscles of the sole including 'l st

lumbrical (abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor

digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical)

Lateral plantar corresponds to ulnar nerue and supplies 14

intrinsic muscles of the sole

Muscles which enter the sole from the leg, e.g. flexor digitorum

longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus

are supplied by the nerves of the leg. 1st lumbrical is unipennate

and is supplied by medial plantar, 2nd4lh are bipennate being

supplied by deep branch of lateral plantar nerve. Extensor

digitorum brevis present on dorsum of foot

Posterior tibial artery divides into medial plantar and lateral

plantar branches. There is only one arch, the plantar arch

formed by lateral plantar and dorsalis pedis (continuation of

anterior tibial) arteries

The great saphenous vein with pedorators lies along the

preaxial border. The short saphenous vein lies along the

postaxial border but it terminates in the popliteal fossa

The axis of movement of adduction and abduction passes

through the 2nd digit. So 2nd toe possesses two dorsal

interossei muscles

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