Human Anatomy Vol 1

General

Bones

Joints

Muscles

Nerves

Branches

Arteries

Joints

Muscles

Upper limb

The upper limb is for range and variety of

movements.

Thumb assisted by palm and fingers has the

power of holding articles.

Upper limb bud rotates laterally, so that the thumb

points laterally. Nerve supply: Ventral rami of

ceruical 5-8 and thoracic 1 segments of spinal

cord. Musculocutaneous, median and ulnar

nerves supply the flexor aspects of the limb, while

the axillary nerve supplies deltoid and radial

nerve supplies the triceps brachii (extensor of

elbow) and its branch the posterior interosseous

supplies the extensors of wrist

Arm

Humerus is the longest bone of upper limb

Shoulder joint is a multiaxial joint

Anteriorly: Biceps, brachialis and coraco-

brachialis supplied by musculocutaneous nerve

Posteriorly: Triceps brachii supplied by radial

nerve

Musculocutaneous for anterior compartment of

arm Radial for posterior compartment. Coraco-

brachialis equivalent to medial compartment of

arm also supplied by musculocutaneous nerue

Muscular, cutaneous, adicular/geniculaL vascular

and terminal branches

Axillary, brachial, profunda (deep) brachii

Forearm

Radius: Preaxial bone

Ulna: Postaxial bone

Elbow joint formed by humerus, radius and ulna,

communicates with superior radioulnar joint.

Forearm is characterised by superior and inferior

radioulnar joints. These are both pivot variety of

synovial joints permitting rotatory movements of

pronation and supination, e.g. meant for picking

up food and putting it in the mouth

Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorum prof undus

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi radialis

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor digitorum

Extensor pollicis longus

Anterior aspect: Flexors of wrist and pronators

of forearm

Posterior aspect: Extensors of wrist, and supinator

Lower limb

Lower lirnb with long and heavy bones supports and stabilises

the body.

Lower limb bud rotates medially, so that big toe points medially.

Nerve supply: Ventral rami of lumbar 2-5 and sacral 1-3

segments of spinal cord. The two gluteal nerves supply glutei.

Sciatic and one of its terminal branches, the tibial nerve supplies

the flexor aspect of the limb. The other terminal branch of sciatic

nerve, i.e. common peroneal, supplies the extensors of ankle

joint (dorsiflexors) through its deep peroneal branch. lts

superficial branch supplies the peroneal muscles of the leg.

Femoral supplies the quadriceps femoris (extensor of knee)

while obturator nerve supplies the adductors.

Thigh

Femur is the longest bone of lower limb and of the body

Hip joint is a multiaxial joint

Posteriorly: Hamstrings supplied by sciatic

Anteriorly: Quadriceps by femoral

Medially: Adductors by obturator nerve

Sciatic for posterior compartment of thigh, femoral for anterior

compadment of thigh, obturator for adductor muscles of medial

compartment of thigh

Muscular, cutaneous, articular/genicular, vascular and terminal

branches

Femoral, popliteal and profunda femoris (deep)

Leg

Tibia: Preaxial bone

Fibula: Postaxial bone

Knee joint formed by femur, tibia and patella. Fibula does not

participate in knee joint. An additional bone (sesamoid) patella

makes its appearance. This is an important weight-bearing

joint

Plantaris

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Soleus and flexor digitorum brevis

Gastrocnemius (medial head)

Gastrocnemius (lateral head)

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Anterior aspect: Dorsiflexors of ankle joint

Posterior aspect: Plantarflexors (flexors) of ankle joint

Lateral aspect: Evertors of subtalar joint

I

General

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