USMLE Step 2 CK Lecture Notes 2019: Obstetrics/Gynecology (Kaplan Test Prep)

PROGESTERONE Progesterone is a steroid hormone produced after ovulation by the luteal cells of the corpus lute ...

OB TRIAD Progesterone The functions of progesterone are as follows: Produced by corpus luteum Prepares endometri ...

ESTROGEN Estrogens are steroid hormones that occur in 3 forms. Each form has unique significance during ...

PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN PREGNANCY SKIN Striae gravidarum: “stretch marks” that develop in genetically predisposed wome ...

CARDIOVASCULAR Arterial blood pressure: Systolic and diastolic values both decline early in the first trimes ...

Table I-1-2. Cardiovascular Changes Arterial blood pressure Systolic ↓ Diastolic ↓↓ Venous pressure Central Unchanged Femo ...

HEMATOLOGIC Red blood cell (RBC) mass increases by 30% in pregnancy; thus, oxygen- carrying capacity incr ...

GASTROINTESTINAL Stomach: Gastric motility decreases and emptying time increases from the progesterone eff ...

PULMONARY Tidal volume (Vt), the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs at rest, increases with ...

Figure I-1-1. Changes in Pulmonary System ...

RENAL The kidneys increase in size 1.5 cm because of the increase in renal blood flow; this hypertrophy does ...

ENDOCRINE Pituitary size increases up to threefold due to lactotroph hyperplasia and hypertrophy, making it su ...

FETAL CIRCULATION Three in utero shunts exist within the fetus. ...

OB TRIAD Fetal Circulation Shunts Ductus venosus (UA → IVC) Foramen ovale (RA → LA) Ductus arteriosus (PA → DA) Duc ...

PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION ANATOMY The breast is made of lobes of glandular tissue, with associated ducts for ...

Figure I-1-2. Sagittal View of Breast foreign bodies such as bacteria or viruses. ...

HORMONES Reproductive hormones are important in the development of the breast in puberty and in lactation. Table I-1 ...

LACTATION The breasts become fully developed under the influence of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin during ...

EMBRYOLOGY AND FETOLOGY EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT Postconception week 1: most significant event is the ...

OB TRIAD Post-Conception Week 1 Starts at conception Ends with implantation Yields morula → blastula The intratu ...