I6 INDEX
Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249, 253, 272
Nitrogen cycle, 68 –70, 69f
Nitrogen fi xation, 68
Nitrogen-fi xing bacteria, 68
Nitrogen input into environment, 70, 70f
Nondegradable pollutants, 16
Nonmetallic mineral resources, 13
Nonnative species, 92 –93
Nonpoint sources, 16
Nonrenewable resources, 13 –14
Nonuse value, 190–91
Nuclear changes in matter, 40, 41 f
Nuclear fi ssion, 40, 41 f
Nuclear fusion, 40, 41 f
Nucleic acids, 38
Nucleus (atomic), 36
Nucleus (cellular), 38f, 51
Nutrient cycles, 65
Nutrient cycling, 9, 9 f, 23 f, 24, 56, 60–61
Obaid, Thorya, 135
Oceans.See also Aquatic life zones, Aquatic
systems
atmosphere and, 143, 144f
currents, 143, 143 f, 144 f
ecological and economic resources of, 165–66
global, 163
Ocean life zones, 56
Old-growth forest, 215–16, 216 f
Old-growth trees and forest fragmentation, 195b
Oligotrophic lakes, 174, 175 f
Omnivores, 59
One-child policy in China, 135–36
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(Darwin), 80
Open access renewable resource rights, 13
Open sea, 170
Opportunist species, 112
Optimum sustained yield (OSY), 263
Organelles, 51
Organic compounds, 38
Organisms,7, 52 f
Output pollution control (pollution cleanup), 17
Outputs, in systems, 44
Overfi shing, 254–57, 254f
marketplace and, 264
subsidies and, 264
Overgrazing, 231 –33, 232f
Oxpeckers (mutualism), 105f
Oysters, 173
Papermaking alternatives, 229, 229f
Paradigm shift, 32
Parasitism,101, 105, 105f
Passenger pigeon, 183, 183f, 211
Pastures, 231
Pauly, Daniel, 264
Peer review, 31
Peking willows, 266b
Pelican Island, Florida, 208
Per capita ecological footprint, 14
Per capita GDP, 10
Per capita GDP PPP, 10
Permafrost, 150
Perpetual resource, 12
Persistence, 119
Peterson, Charles “Pete,” 96
pH, 37
Photosynthesis, 9, 58 –59, 67
Physical change in matter, 39
Phytoplankton, 58, 61, 164
Piaster orchaceus sea stars, 95
Pimental, David, 198
Pimm, Stuart, 186
Pioneer (early) successional species, 116
Pioneering species, 115
Planetary worldview, 20
Plankton, 164
Playa Junquillal, Costa Rica, 260
Poaching, 204, 204f
Point sources, 16, 17 f
Polar bears and global warming, 203
Pollination, 95
Pollutants, 16
effects of, 16–17
Pollution, 16 –17
aquatic biodiversity and, 252–53, 254f
cleanup vs. prevention, 17
species extinctions and, 201–2, 202f
as threat to kelp forests, 104b
Pollution cleanup (output pollution
control), 17
problems with, 17
Pollution prevention (input pollution
control), 17
Polymers, 38
Polyps, 162
Poonswad, Pilai, 205
Population(s),52, 52 f, 53 f
age structure, 109
changes in size, 109
dieback (crash), 111, 112f
Population change, 126
Population change types, 113–14, 114f
Population control, 23f, 24, 58
Population decline, 132–33, 133f
Population density, 113
Population distribution (dispersion), 108, 109f
Population dynamics, 108
Population growth. See also Human population
age structure and, 130–33
aquatic biodiversity and, 252–53
in China, 135–36
developing countries and, 133–34
humans and, 114, 122–37, 124b
in India, 136–37
J-curves and S-curves, 109–11, 123
limiting by abiotic factors, 58
limiting factors, 108–15, 111f
minimum viable population size, 113
older people and, 132
projections of human population, 125f
slowing, 133–37
slowing by empowering women, 135, 135f
species extinction and, 201
United States and, 126–27, 127f, 128 f
young people and, 130–31, 131f
Population, human, and its impact, 122–37
Potential energy, 40, 42
Poverty, 18, 18 f
extreme, 11, 11f
and malnutrition, 18, 19f
Phosphorus cycle, 70, 71 f
Prairie potholes, 178
Precautionary principle, 210–11, 263
Precipitation, 65
Predation,101, 102
Predator, 102,103–4
Predator–prey relationship, 102
and natural selection, 103–4Prescribed fi res, 228
Prevailing winds, 141, 143
Prey, 102
ways of avoiding predators, 102–3, 103f
Prices, and natural capital, 19–20
Primary consumers, 59
Primary ecological succession, 115,116–17, 116f
Private property rights, 12–13
Probability, 34 b, 35
Producers, in ecosystems, 58
Profundal zone, 174, 175f
Prokaryotic cells, 51, 52 f
Property (resource) rights, 12–13
Proteins, 38
Protons (p), 36, 36 f
Purchasing power, 10
Purchasing power parity (PPP), 10
Purple loosestrife, 252
Purse-seine fi shing, 256–57
Pyramid of energy fl ow, 62–63, 63fQuagga mussel, 270Radiation (heat), 41
Radioactive isotopes, 40
Radioisotopes, 40
Rain shadow effect, 145
Random dispersion, populations and,
108, 109f
Rangelands, 231 –33
sustainable management of, 232–33, 233f
Range of tolerance, 57, 58 f
Rational grazing, 232
Ray, G. Carleton, 250
Reasoning
deductive, 32
inductive, 32
Reconciliation ecology, 244
Blackfoot River Valley, 244–45
Red Sea corral reef, 261b
Recycling, 13 –14
Red Lists, 186
Red Sea Restaurant, 261b
Rees, William, 14
Reliable science, 33
Remote sensing, 72
Renewable resource, 12
Replacement-level fertility rate, 126
Reproductive isolation, 86, 87 f
Reproductive patterns of species, 112
Reproductive time lag, 111
Research frontiers, 35, 250
Reservoirs, 65
Resilience, 119
Resource, 12
Resource partitioning, 107, 107 f
Resource (property) rights, 12–13
Reuse,13, 13 f
Riparian zones, 232
River of Grass, 267
River Runs Through It, A, 244–45
Rivers and streams, 176–78
ecological services of, 270f
protecting and sustaining, 269–71
RNA, 38
Roadless Rule, 239
Rocky shores, 168
Rojstaczer, Stuart, 65
Roosevelt, Theodore, 208
Rosenzweig, Michael L., 244