Essentials of Ecology

I8 INDEX

Threshold level, 46
Throughputs (fl ows), in systems, 44
Tides, 168
Tilman, David, 91
Timber and wood trade, 220, 228b,228–30
Time delays, in systems, 46
Tipping point, 46, 119
Tolerance, 118
Tompkins, Douglas and Kris, 236
Toothed whales, 257, 258f
Top-down population regulation, 113, 114f
Top predator keystone species, 95
Total allowable catch (TAC), 264
Total fertility rate (TFR), 126
Trade-offs, 9, 21
Tragedy of the commons, 13
Transition generation, 24
Transition zone (surface water), 176
Transpiration, 65
Trawling, 251, 251f, 256
Treaties
to protect marine species, 257
to protect wild species, 206–7
Tree farm, 216
Tree harvesting methods, 219f
Tree of life, 80, 81f
Tree plantation, 216 –17, 216f
Trophic levels, 61, 62, 62f
Tropical deserts, 148, 149f
Tropical forests, 153, 154f, 155 f, 156 f
deforestation of, 223–27, 224f, 225 f, 226 f
protecting from deforestation, 230–31
restoration in Costa Rica, 242b
Tropical grasslands, 150, 151f
Tropical rain forests, 153, 154f, 155 f, 156 f
disappearing, 50
Troposphere, 54
Tundra, 150, 151f, 152
Turtle excluder devices (TEDs), 260
Twain, Mark, 141

Ultraplankton, 164
Undergrazing, 232
U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), 22
Uniform dispersion, populations and, 108, 109f
United Arab Emirates
per capita ecological footprint, 14

United States

biodiversity hotspots in, 241f

immigration and, 129–30, 129f

infant mortality rate, 129

inland wetlands losses in, 179

per capita ecological footprint, 14

population growth of, 126–27,

127 f, 128 f

wilderness protection in, 238–39

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 266, 267, 268

U.S. Endangered Species Act, 188, 207–8,

209 b,214, 244, 257

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 207,

208, 214

U.S. Forest Service (USFS), 223

U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act

of 1972, 257

U.S. National Center for Ecological Analysis

and Synthesis, 171

U.S. national parks, stresses on, 234–35

U.S. Whale Conservation and Protection Act

of 1976, 257

Unreliable science, 34

Upwelling, 64, 170

Urban development and grazing in American

West, 233

Use values, 190, 190f

Van Leeuwenhoek, Antoine, 97

Variables, in controlled experiment, 28, 35

Vaughan, Mace, 54b

Venter, J. Craig, 170

Vertical zones, 170

Vitousek, Peter, 65

Volcanic eruptions, 84

Voyage of the Turtle (Safi na ), 259

Vultures, wild dogs, and rabies, 197b

Wackernagel, Mathis, 14

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 80

Wal-Mart, 265

Warblers, resource partitioning and, 107f

Ward, Barbara, 6

Water

properties of, 67b

Water cycles, 65 –67

Water hyacinth, 252f

Watershed(s), 176

protection of, 271

Watts, Alan, 192

Wave, 42

Wavelength, 42

Weather, 141

Weaver, Warren, 29

Welland Canal, 269

Wetlands, 177–79

disappearing, 265–66

preserving and restoring, 266–68, 266b, 267 f

protecting and sustaining, 265–68

Whales, protection of, 257–59

Whaling, 257–59, 259f

White-tailed deer populations in U.S., 114–15

Wild and Scenic Rivers System, 271

Wilderness, 238

protection of in U.S., 238–39

Wilderness Act of 1964, U.S., 238–39

Wilderness Society, 22b

Wildlife refuges, 208

Wild rivers, 271

Wild species, protection of, 206–11

Wilson, Edward O., 54b, 90 b,184, 186, 188,

192, 211, 271, 272

Wind

biomes, climate, and, 140

Win–Win Ecology: How Earth’s Species Can

Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise

(Rosenzweig), 244

Women

slowing population growth by empowering,

135, 135f

World Conservation Union, 186, 197

World Resources Institute (WRI), 222

World Trade Organization (WTO), 264

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 14, 262

Worm, Boris, 255

Yellowstone National Park, gray wolves, 214,

235 b, 245

Yosef, Reuven, 261b

Zebra mussel, 269–70, 269f

Zooplankton, 164

Zoos, 209–10

Zooxanthellae, 162