464 APPENDIX ATABLE 26TABLE 27Percentage of Children Under Age 18 Living in Areas that Do Not Meet At Least One of the Primary National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, 1990– 19981990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Total 31 35 22 24 25 32 20 21 24
Pollutant
Ozone 26 28 18 21 20 29 17 19 21
Carbon monoxide 9 8 6 5 6 5 5 4 4
Particulates 8 9 10 3 5 10 3 3 3
Lead 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Nitrogen dioxide 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sulfur dioxide 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Note: Percentages were based on the number of children living in counties not meeting a national ambient air quality standard, divided by the total population.
Population of children were based on the 1990 Census.
For more information on the emissions standards that are used in claculating these percentages, please see the following report: Office of Air Quality Planning and
standards. (1998). National air quality and emissions trends report, 1997. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The standards can also be found at http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf.SOURCE:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Aerometric Information Retrieval System.Percentage of Children Under Age 18 Living in Various Family Arrangements by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1996White, Black, Other,
Characteristic Total non-Hispanic non-Hispanic non-Hispanic Hispanic
Total children ages 0 to 17
Number (in thousands) 71,494 46,657 11,033 3,377 10,428
Living with two parents 70.9 79.0 36.9 78.8 68.2
Two bio./adopt. married 62.4 70.1 29.9 72.7 58.7
Two bio./adopt. cohab. 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.5 4.2
Bio./adopt. parent and step. married 6.4 7.3 4.9 4.6 4.8
Bio./adopt. parent and step. cohab.a 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4
Living with a single parent 25.4 18.5 54.9 18.0 27.5
Single mother 20.6 13.4 50.2 14.6 23.3
Single mother with partner 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.6 2.4
Single father 2.1 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.3
Single father with partner 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4
Stepparent 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1
Stepparent with partner 0.0 0.0 0.0 ——
Living with no parents 3.7 2.5 8.2 3.2 4.3
Grandparent 1.8 1.1 5.1 1.7 1.4
Other relatives only-no grandparent 0.8 0.4 1.6 0.9 1.3
Nonrelative only-not foster parent(s) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3
Other relatives and nonrelatives 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3
Foster parent(s) 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.7
Own household or partner of householder 0.1 0.1 0.1 — 0.2
Children ages 0 to 4
Number (in thousands) 19,960 12,759 3,073 871 3,257
Living with two parents 74.3 84.3 35.5 81.8 70.0
Two bio./adopt. married 68.4 79.0 30.3 76.6 60.5
Two bio./adopt. cohab. 4.1 3.4 3.5 4.4 7.3
Bio./adopt. parent and step. married 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.8 2.1
Bio./adopt. parent and step. cohab.a 0.1 0.1 ——0.1
Living with a single parent 23.0 14.1 58.1 17.7 26.4
Single mother 20.0 11.2 55.7 14.8 22.0
Single mother with partner 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.1 2.7
Single father 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.7
Single father with partner 0.3 0.2 0.3 — 0.8
Stepparent 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.2
Stepparent with partner 0.0 0.0 —— —
Living with no parents 2.6 1.6 6.4 0.6 3.6
Grandparent 1.5 0.9 4.5 0.6 1.3
Other relatives only-no grandparent 0.4 0.3 0.8 — 0.5
Nonrelative only-not foster parent(s) 0.2 0.2 0.2 — 0.2
Other relatives and nonrelatives 0.1 0.1 0.1 — 0.4
Foster parent(s) 0.4 0.1 0.8 — 1.1
Own household or partner of householder —————
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau.cde_appx_A 8/29/03 8:21 AM Page 464