Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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CHAPTER 15

Chapter Outline

Divisions of the Respiratory System
Nose and Nasal Cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
Lungs and Pleural Membranes
Alveoli
Mechanism of Breathing
Inhalation
Exhalation
Pulmonary Volumes
Exchange of Gases
Diffusion of Gases—Partial Pressures
Transport of Gases in the Blood
Regulation of Respiration
Nervous Regulation
Chemical Regulation
Respiration and Acid–Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory Compensation
Aging and the Respiratory System

BOX15–1 ASTHMA

BOX15–2 HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

BOX15–3 PNEUMOTHORAX

BOX15–4 EMPHYSEMA

BOX15–5 THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER

BOX15–6 PULMONARY EDEMA

BOX15–7 PNEUMONIA

BOX15–8 CARBON MONOXIDE

Student Objectives

• State the general function of the respiratory sys-
  tem.


• Describe the structure and functions of the nasal
  cavities and pharynx.


• Describe the structure of the larynx and explain
  the speaking mechanism.


• Describe the structure and functions of the trachea
  and bronchial tree.


• State the locations of the pleural membranes, and
  explain the functions of serous fluid.


• Describe the structure of the alveoli and pul-
  monary capillaries, and explain the importance of
  surfactant.


• Name and describe the important air pressures
  involved in breathing.


• Describe normal inhalation and exhalation and
  forced exhalation.


• Name the pulmonary volumes and define each.


• Explain the diffusion of gases in external respira-
  tion and internal respiration.


• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are
  transported in the blood.


• Explain the nervous and chemical mechanisms
  that regulate respiration.


• Explain how respiration affects the pH of body
  fluids.