Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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APPENDIX D

Normal Values for Some

Commonly Used Urine Tests

Test Normal Value Clinical Significance of Variations

Acetone and acetoacetic

acid (ketones)

Albumin

Bilirubin

Calcium

Creatinine

Glucose

pH

Protein

Specific gravity

Urea

Uric acid

Urobilinogen

0

0–trace

0

less than 250 mg/24 hrs

1.0–2.0 g/24 hrs

0

4.5–8.0

0

1.010–1.025

25–35 g/24 hrs

0.4–1.0 g/24 hrs

0–4 mg/24 hrs

• Increases: ketoacidosis, starvation


• Increases: kidney disease, hypertension


• Increases: biliary obstruction


• Increases: hyperparathyroidism


• Decreases: hypoparathyroidism


• Increases: infection


• Decreases: kidney disease, muscle atrophy


• Increases: diabetes mellitus


• Increases: urinary tract infection, alkalosis, vegetarian diet


• Decreases: acidosis, starvation, high-protein diet


• Increases: kidney disease, extensive trauma, hypertension


• Increases: dehydration


• Decreases: excessive fluid intake, alcohol intake, severe
  kidney damage


• Increases: high-protein diet; excessive tissue breakdown


• Decreases: kidney disease


• Increases: gout, liver disease


• Decreases: kidney disease


• Increases: liver disease, hemolytic anemia


• Decreases: biliary obstruction

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