Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

Table 20.2

(continued)

Meadows et al (1972)

Mesarovic and Pestel (1974)

Kahn, Brown and Martel (1976)

Goldsmith et al (1972)

LAWM

a^

Herrera et al (1976)

Leontief, Carter and Petri (1977)

USCEQ

b^

(1980)

Clark and Munn (1986)

Brown(1981)

Society and goals

Homogeneous system to be managed; open future; participation; can set limits; leisure; freedom from struggle

Sustainable material and spiritual; cooperation; organism; can adapt

Stages; high morale; dynamism; consensus; smooth function

Stability not expansion; analogue of nature; system; hierarchical; functional

Goals = equity; produce for need not profit; social (not state) control

Development; wealth; employment; NIEO;

c justice;

rationality

Not addressed (explicitly); highly evolved system

Not addressed

Not addressed

Agent of change

Moral resources; values; gradual

Individual or society? Values; internal crisis; ‘public figures’; ‘political leaders’

Positive images; individual; influence not choice

Economic decentraliza-tion; con-scious restructuring; education in new values

Not addressed; locus = property and production –structural changes

Not addressed; economic restructuring as implied driver

Information; planning; analysis plus political will

Managers; also technologi-cal, institutions, research; having vision

Individuals; having vision

Popu-lation

Out of control; major threat by 2050

Serious problem; 35 years to fix

Rate high but declining; not a problem; economic development will slow growth; colonize space; 7–30 billion

Major threat; wealth will not necessarily slow; ZPG;

d^

3.5 billion maximum; halt immigration

Need to slow; economic development as precondi-tion; focus on basic needs; urbanization

Not a big problem; wealth slows growth; economy can keep up

Major problem; reducing carrying capacity; 10 billion under ‘intensive manage-ment’

A problem but not too serious; still time 8–11 billion

Must stabilize at 8 billion