A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

Statute (10 April 1949), which reserved supreme power to the US, France and Great Britain, acting through their high commissione ...

Saarlanders were given the opportunity to vote to rejoin West Germany; just as material interests had first turned them towards ...

reform. He was bitterly opposed to communism and ready to see Germany align with the West, and he too championed West European i ...

as ‘a hotbed of treason’. But it all ended with a government rout: democracy had passed a test in the face of arbitrary governme ...

the country before 1945 ran it again in the 1950s. Owners, managers and workers pulled together to achieve better living standar ...

establishment of the Common Market in 1958. Management and trade unions were prepared to work together, investment provided up-t ...

The post-war history of France is full of contra- dictions. To outward appearances the Fourth Republic was plagued by a degree o ...

and by the tactics of de Gaulle, who had re-entered active politics in 1947. Those on the right, discon- tented with the working ...

cajolery, incentives and more subtle means of per- suasion were employed. This method of proceed- ing was greatly aided by a clo ...

farmers who vented their frustrations in support- ing populist movements. It was a curious paradox of the Fourth Republic that s ...

the governments. The Foreign Ministry remained from 1944 to 1954 in the hands of the MRP, alternately in the charge of Georges B ...

The signature of a Convention of Human Rights in 1950 was nevertheless a notable and lasting achievement. The European movement ...

way to proceed was not at the top, at national level, but rather ‘functionally’, where collabora- tion could be shown to benefit ...

and Germany, and the other four countries, now advocated extending the common market in coal and steel to the rest of their econ ...

movement of workers, of capital and of services, harmonisation of taxation and of quality stan- dards, and a system of managing ...

the creation of the European Common Market and Franco-German reconciliation. Yet, little more than a year after the signature of ...

The defence of its empire in Indo-China and North Africa proved a crushing burden for post- war France. The fall of Dien Bien Ph ...

erosity and the resolution of the pieds noirs, actu- ated by fear and material self-interest, to deny the Muslim Algerians genui ...

large numbers. The French army responded with equal ferocity, torturing FLN suspects to gain information. French military power, ...

tegic government buildings. The crisis reached fever pitch on 28 and 29 May. De Gaulle’s rela- tionship with Resurrection is one ...