A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

stood down. Perhaps the junta’s most unusual action, given the Latin American context, was to abolish the army. Still, by Wester ...

middle-class revolution supported by sections of the army. Free elections brought to power Juan José Arévalo (1945–51) and Colon ...

following on the oil-price rise in 1973–4 led to increased guerrilla activities as more and more Salvadorans became desperate. I ...

declining terms of trade (commodity export prices rising more slowly or falling, as against rising costs of manufactured imports ...

The abuses of the Somoza family, their amass- ing of enormous wealth and the general corruption had made them many enemies, espe ...

then, with Contra pressure removed, the Sandinistas would be able to rule with impunity. As it turned out, Arias Sánchez’s optim ...

national income (bananas and sugar are other important resources). President Roosevelt’s attempts to construct a ‘good neighbour ...

Mexico The hemispheric role of the US was also deeply resented in Mexico. Yet no country was more dependent on the US economical ...

was the lot of the peasants and the urban masses, the high birth rate undermining efforts to raise living standards. Mexico too ...

There was fraud on a colossal scale, but the PRI monopoly of power had been broken in the Mexican Congress. Nevertheless, the PR ...

income per head of population obscure this because they are averages: the poor were much worse off than the average. Simply abso ...

1 Part XV AFRICA AFTER 1945: CONFLICT AND THE THREAT OF FAMINE ...

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For a British university graduate in the early 1950s, the Colonial Service offered a fine oppor- tunity for a fulfilling and wor ...

infrastructures and capital investment transformed traditional African societies. Over the course of three generations the conti ...

from South Africa to what was Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) or those where mineral wealth had attracted European immigration. The ...

social and economic revolution. White resistance, with their control of the armed forces, especially if they were backed by the ...

exceptions, were simply not considered capable of learning technological skills: Europeans tended to regard them as more like ch ...

between Britain (German East Africa, renamed Tanganyika), South Africa (German South-West Africa, later Namibia), France (most o ...

leadership protesting against economic disadvan- tages and voicing African grievances began to bring about change. In the Ivory ...