A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

Much of the land is desert, and rainfall is uncer- tain, so that surviving even at subsistence level is difficult. Famine has st ...

military and among the radical groups followed until in February 1977 Colonel Haile Mengistu eventually emerged as the victor an ...

as well as the widest possible measure of self- government’. Instead, they were federated with Ethiopia, so that Ethiopia might ...

than Barre’s brutal rule. Although the 6 million Somalis are almost unique in Africa in forming one nation, all speaking one lan ...

loss of life among the southern people. After a second brief civilian interlude, another military coup in 1969 brought Colonel J ...

East and, after Suez, British and French imperial- ism was on the retreat. These transformations affected the students and junio ...

In African countries with substantial minorities of white settlers, resistance to African majority rule led to savage conflicts ...

in towns and the Masters and Servants Act all ensured black subservience. A ban on black workers forming trade unions, separate ...

gaining the independence of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia under black majority rule. The Federation had been imposed on the Af ...

The British government and Ian Smith might have been able to reach a fudged agreement even after UDI, which was denied British a ...

Mugabe and Nkomo rejected the settlement. Nevertheless, there were elections and Muzorewa won them. Smith hoped he had split the ...

words, when the white general Peter Walls, in charge of Rhodesia’s security forces, was con- firmed as the commander of the coun ...

more power in his hands. But vestiges of represen- tative democratic government had survived as well as an independent judiciary ...

be as old as the century, his grip on power likely to be relinquished only on death. Malawi’s repu- tation for stability over a ...

of agricultural production, whose low prices needed to be raised. This, in turn, led to riots in the Copperbelt, where productio ...

coloured and Asian people were needed both in skilled labour, in trade and in the professions, because there were not enough whi ...

continue unless their black inhabitants consented to incorporation in the Union. This the popula- tions did not want and Britain ...

race should be kept pure and allowed to develop its own national existence. But the assumption behind all this was that the diff ...

socialist whites, a split occurred in 1958 and a rival black organisation was founded, the Pan- Africanist Congress, which objec ...

adopted to condemn all black efforts to defeat injustice. Yet Mandela’s words at his trial had expressed a different ideal; he s ...