crisis 532–533; economic
problems 864, 866–867,
868–873, 951; political
malaise 869–870; liberal
reforms 866; nationalisation
867; racism 870; neo-
fascism 868; and Maastricht
Treaty 871
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke 54
Francis Joseph, Emperor 50, 92
Franco, General Francisco
216–218, 879
Franco-Soviet Pact (1934) 212
Frank, Hans 265
Fraser, Malcolm 670–671
Frei, Eduardo 690
Frelimo 774
French Community 727
French Guiana 728
Frick, Wilhelm 190
Friedman, Milton 693
Fuchs, Klaus 300, 413
Fujimoro, Alberto 688
Fulbright, James William 585
Gabon 729
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar
752–753, 904, 942–943
Gaidar, Yegor 807, 810
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer 686
Gaitskell, Hugh 451, 543
Galen, Bishop Count 269
Gallegos, Rómulo 703
Gallieni, General Joseph 91
Gallipoli 96
Galtieri, General Leopoldo
696–697
Gambia 539
Gamelin, General Maurice 236,
242
Gandhi, Indira 640–641
Gandhi, Mahatma 135; and Indian
independence 392, 395–397;
civil disobedience 286, 763,
393; death of 396
Gandhi, Rajiv 641
Gandhi, Sanjay 640
Gang of Four (China) 617, 619
Gapon, Father Georgei 43
García, Alán 688
Gasperi, Alcide de 347, 348, 548,
550–551
Gaza Strip 444, 457, 458–459,
905, 907, 916
Gdan ́ sk 780, 890
Geldof, Bob 744
Gemayel, Bashir 908, 909
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) 332, 823, 877
General Strike (1926) 136
Geneva Conferences: (1933) 207;
(1954) 388–389, 473, 557,
558, 603; (1955) 499; (1960)
499; (1961) 565
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 835, 901
George V 161
George II of Greece 336
Georgia 803, 806
German Democratic Republic
(East Germany, GDR) 503,
511; and Berlin Wall 511, 900;
uprisings 495, 900–901;
improved relations with West
Germany 833–834, 901;
economy, 900–901; unification
839, 901–902
German Federal Republic (West
Germany, FRG) 503;
constitution (Basic Law)
504–505; in NATO 509; and
Russia 511; road to
parliamentary democracy
504–505; separation of Berlin
505; elections 506, 510–511,
513; path to sovereignty
507–508; and EEC 513;
rearmament 509–510;
reconciliation with France 508,
511; restitution 512; economic
growth 507, 510, 512; Grand
Coalition 513, 831; improved
relations with East Germany
833–834, 839; unification 839;
student unrest 831–832; and
East-West détente 833–834,
835; economic problems 834,
835–836, 841, 842
Germany
(1900–1914)
approach to First World War
17, 21–22, 95; industrial
power 18–20; social and
political divisions 18; aim at
world-wide power 2;
military planning 7, 21;
foreign policy 20, 21; and
colonies 725
First World War (1914–18)
57–59, 89–98, 108, 109–113
peace terms imposed on 120
Weimar Republic 115, 127–132
danger of communist
revolution 115–116, 128;
redrawn frontiers 118;population 118; restrictions
on army and navy 118;
reparations 120, 130, 142;
democracy 127; militant left
128; constitution 129;
right-wing plot against
government 130; hyper-
inflation 130; and Versailles
Treaty 131; concessions
from Allies 132; admittance
to League 132; inter-war
years 127–132; economy
130–131, 154–156;
unemployment 162–163;
pact with Russia 133;
failure of democracy
181–184, 188–189; rise of
Nazism 184–189; end of
Weimar Republic 189
Third Reich (1933–45)
anti-Semitism and racial
theories 204, 222–226;
creation of totalitarian state
191–193; treaty with
Vatican 191; use of terror
190; economic recovery
193; aim at world
dominance 204;
rearmament 204, 206;
approach to Second World
War 220–239; defiance of
Versailles 206; withdrawal
from League 207; non-
aggression pact with Poland
207; threat to Austria 227;
Saar return 210;
conscription 210; naval
programme 210;
remilitarisation of Rhineland
212; and Spanish Civil War
218, 219; pogroms 225;
annexation of Austria and
227; Czechoslovakia
230–232; treaty with the
Soviet Union 235, 253,
254; threat to Poland 235
Second World War
invasion of Poland and
outbreak of war 234–238
‘euthanasia’ policy 269;
Germany and the war 253,
264, 265–271; Declaration
of war on US 277; invasion
of Russia 279; pact with
Japan and Italy 260; mass
bombings of 274; mass
murders 264, 265–270;