Napoleon: A Biography

achieved precisely the opposite - a reputation as a man you could not reason or do business with. Once again we see the contrast ...

and Miollis fo r the arrest of the Pope. The obvious retort for Fouche to make was to ask why, in that case, the Emperor did not ...

compromise. The Pope made a few concessions, which the bishops took down in writing, then changed his mind once they were gone a ...

consigned them. After 1806, for example, Frankfurt's infamous Juden­ gasse ghetto no longer resembled a gigantic Marshalsea, tho ...

northern Italy Napoleon's innovations - which he claimed on St Helena were the groundwork for his aim of Italian unification -bu ...

Another success story in Napoleon's Empire was the fate of the nine Belgian departments, fo rmerly in the Austrian Empire, which ...

Napoleon's authoritarian stance was in part a reflection of his natural way of looking at the world but was also designed to mak ...

pirate swayed only by low materialistic motives'. In fact Napoleon's Europe had nothing in common with true federalism: it was a ...

Latin America: an elaborate formal constitution which was systematically disregarded. The Emperor made sure that the various ele ...

area were Hedouville in Frankfurt, Bourgoing in Dresden and Bignon in Warsaw. Saxony displayed particular independence, with Fre ...

one is serving the ambitions of this or that man? The great aim must be to learn to make war, which is the only skill that can f ...

opposed to 36% in I9I4-I8), but even this figure featured in popular perception as a universal call-up. Elsewhere in the Empire ...

Fund, administered by La Bouillerie under the authority of Daru, the Intendant-General of the occupied countries; between 18os-o ...

millions for the catastrophic mistake of Jena, and Hanover, Prussia's appanage, had to pay fifty millions. The extraction of fu ...

Also very clear is Napoleon's determination to run a personal Empire, for he rigidly controlled the system of entails and benefi ...

only eight millions had been unearthed. The remaining ten millions, in bonds, bills, cash vouchers and mortgage documents were t ...

cavalry and other supplies. During the same period the expenditure of the Grande Armee was 212,879,335 francs. The protracted ca ...

CHAPTER TWENTY When he left Spain, Napoleon assured Joseph he would be back as soon as he had dealt with the Austrians. Furtherm ...

of credibility ensured that the marshals would take the blame for a war that was in principle unwinnable. Yet if Napoleon had no ...

cornucopia. A commercial treaty with Dom Joao in 1810 threw Brazil open to British trade, so that British exports to South Ameri ...