Medical Microbiology

34 1 GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology pneumococcalvaccinationsarenotobligatoryinGermany,Austria,andSwit- zerland(seewww.rki.d ...

PrinciplesofSterilizationandDisinfection 35 KillingofPrionsandThermophilicArchaea Thestandardsterilizationmethodsusedinmedicalap ...

36 1 GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology Standardsterilizationmethodsextendbeyondkillingallmicroorganisms onthetargetobjectstopr ...

PrinciplesofSterilizationandDisinfection 37 bylight(photoreactivation).Mostchemicalagents(alcohols,phenols,alde- hydes,heavymeta ...

38 1 GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology Thesignificantheatenergycontentofsteam,whichistransferredtothe coolersterilizationitems ...

PrinciplesofSterilizationandDisinfection 39 ChemicalMethodsofSterilizationandDisinfection Ethyleneoxide.Thishighlyreactivegas(C ...

40 1 GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology disintegratesintoHCland^1 / 2 O 2 andthusactsasapowerfuloxidant.Chlorine isusedtodisinf ...

PrinciplesofSterilizationandDisinfection 41 Alcoholsarethereforeoftencombinedwithotherdisinfectants(e.g.,quater- naryammoniumcom ...

Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme ...

43 2 BasicPrinciplesofImmunology R.M.Zinkernagel Introduction &Resistancetodiseaseisbasedoninnatemechanismsandadaptiveor acq ...

44 2 BasicPrinciplesofImmunology phenomenacausingmainlypathologicaleffects,i.e.,tissuedamagedueto inadequate,misguided,orexcessi ...

stitutingpartofamacromolecule.Thisiswhytheepitopecomponentofan antigenisterminologicallydistinguishedfromitsmacromolecularcarrie ...

thethree-dimensionalstructuresofcomplex,foldedproteins,andhydro- carbons.Chemically,B-cellreceptorsareglobulins(“immunoglobulins ...

cesses(Table2. 1 ,Fig.2. 2 ).Theantigen-independentphaseoflymphocyte differentiationtakes placeintheso-calledprimary lymphoidorg ...

tionpathways,TandBcellsdifferwithrespecttotheirfunctions,receptors, andsurfacemarkers.Theymanifestcontrastingresponsepatternstoc ...

TheB-CellSystem 49 Table2. 2 CharacteristicsoftheVariousImmunoglobulinClasses IgM IgD IgG IgE IgA Svedbergunit 19 S 7 S 7 S 8 S ...

systemalsocontainsnon-specificdefensemechanisms,includingthecom- plementsystem(see“Immuneresponseandeffectormechanisms,”p. 66 ff ...

Immunoglobulinscontainnumerousdomains,asillustratedbythestruc- tureofIgG.InmonomericIgGeachdomainconsistsofaproteinsegment which ...

sameclass.Inthiswayahighlevelofsequencevariabilitywasrevealedtobe containedwithintheN-terminaldomain(variabledomain,V),whilstsuc ...

immunoglobulinmonomerhastwoidenticalantigen-bindingsites(ABS), andtheseformtheendsofthetwoshortarmsofthe’Y’.Anareawithin theanti ...