Medical Microbiology

intheinductionofantigen-antibodycomplexes—someofwhichwereformed inthepresenceofantigenexcess—andoccasionallyinducedastateofshock ...

basicproteininmultiplesclerosis,againstcollagendeterminantsinpoly- arthritis,andagainstisletcellcomponentsindiabetes. Transplant ...

secondarylymphaticorgans.Indeedthesameforeigntransplantationanti- gensarehardlyimmunogenicwhenexpressedonfibroblastsoronepitheli ...

againstantigenspresentonthedonorendothelium,resultingincoagulation, thromboses,andinfarctionswithextensivenecrosis. &Acutere ...

thegeneticallyengineeredinsertionofcostimulatorymoleculesintotumor cells.Immunosuppressioncanbeinducedgloballyusingdrugs,orspeci ...

toxicCD8+TcellsdoexercisearegulatoryeffectbylysinginfectedAPCsorB cells(seealsop. 1 06).ItisunclearwhetherCD4+Tcellscouldhavesim ...

Immunosuppression................................... Variousmethodsareemployedtoinhibit,orsuppress,theimmuneresponse: &Gener ...

ImmunologicalTestMethods...................................... AntigenandAntibodyAssays............................. Immunopreci ...

terminantsarelocalizedonthesame,orondifferent,antigens;orwhether differentantibodiescanbindtothesameantigen(Fig.2. 21 ). Radiali ...

precipitatecanthenbestainedandevaluated.Thisoldermethodisstillused toidentifyparaproteins,monoclonalimmunoglobulins,etc.(Fig.2. ...

&Indirecthemagglutination.Anantigenisfixedonthesurfaceoferythro- cytesandtheantigen-loadederythrocytesarethenagglutinatedusi ...

cubatedinvitrowitherythrocytesorantigenicparticles.Inallcasesagglutina- tionisdetectedusinganti-Igantibodies.Antigenscanalsobead ...

munefactorspresentwithinpatientcellsandtissues.Forthispurposetissue sections,orcellpreparations,aretreatedwithspecificantibodies ...

Indirectimmunofluorescenceandenzymehistology.Inthistechniquethe specificor“first”antibodycanbeunlabeled.Theantigen–antibodycom- ...

&Thedirect’primary’antibody,orthedetected’secondary’antibody,isla- beledwithperoxidase.Followingtheantigen-antibodyreaction, ...

orascompetitionassays.Fig.2. 28 illustratesthequantitativeIgEassay,Fig. 29 theprocedurefordetectionofspecificIgEinpatientsera.A ...

populationscanbecoatedwithmagneticbeads,orsheeperythrocytes loadedwithspecificantibodies,thenpurifiedusingamagnetoraFicoll gradi ...

TetramertestfordetectionofspecificTcells(Fig.2. 32 ,p. 1 34):recombinant MHCclassIantigencoupledtobiotin,labeledwithavidin,andco ...

peptidecantheoreticallybeusedtoassayspecificCD4+Tcells,butarestill difficulttomanufacture.Usingthetetramertest,specificTcellscan ...

interleukinrelease,orapHtransition,candeterminewhetherantigen-spe- cificlymphocytesarepresentorwhetherpolyclonalT-cellresponses( ...