K xliv Encyclopedia of Islam
1818
¶ British rule extends throughout India.
1826
¶ Ottomans liquidate the Janissaries and abolish
the Bektashi Sufi order.
1830
¶ French forces occupy Algeria, ending 313 years
of Ottoman rule.
1832–47
¶ Abd al-Qadir, Algerian religious scholar, leads
unsuccessful war against French colonial forces.
1850
¶ Execution of Sayyid Ali Muhammad Shirazi,
founder of Babi movement in Iran.
1857
¶ Sepoy Rebellion against English East India
Company rule sweeps northern India.
1858
¶ British forces suppress Sepoy Rebellion and end
Mughal dynasty; British Crown rule replaces
English East India Company rule.
1863
¶ Bahaullah appears in Iraq claiming to be the
manifestation of God’s will, founding the reli-
gious community of the Bahais.
1869
¶ Suez Canal opened.
1870
¶ Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah appears as
the Sudanese Mahdi.
1876
¶ Britain purchases shares of the Suez Canal and
becomes involved in Egyptian affairs.1881
¶ Muhammad Ahmad declares himself Mahdi in
northern Sudan.
¶ Death of the first Aga Khan, Ismaili leader in
India.1882
¶ British forces occupy Egypt.1885
¶ Death of the Sudanese Mahdi.1891–92
¶ Tobacco revolts against British business interests
in Iran.1897
¶ Death of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muslim
reformer and activist.1898
¶ Death of Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Muslim modern-
ist reformer.
¶ Death of Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the
Ahmadiyya movement.1899
¶ Fall of Mahdist state in the Sudan and its occu-
pation by Anglo-Egyptian troops.1900–08
¶ Construction of the Hijaz railway to Mecca as a
pan-Islamic project.1901
¶ Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud captures Riyadh.