Tannins (Tannic acid)
Tannins are generally protective substances found in the outer and sometimes
inner parts of a plant, tree, flower or fruit. Especially found in the leaves,
bark, seeds and flowers.
Tannins act as astringents, having cleaning, shrinking and drawing
effects upon tissue. They are considered a protective device for a plant against
herbivores. Tannins are made up of simple and complex phenols,
polyphenols and flavonoid compounds. These compounds are held together
by carbohydrate structures and contain variations of gallic acid. Their main
action is to bind and precipitate proteins. Tannins are common in fruits,
various herbs (teas), grass and many plants. These types of foods are used to
clean and strengthen various types of tissues within your body. However,
moderate dosages of these aggressive substances are recommended because
of their strong astringent effect. Tannins are used to clean and mature leather.
Terpenoids (Isoprenoids)
Terpenoids form the largest group of plant constituents and are particularly
found in volatile oils. They are natural products and compounds consisting of
oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Terpenoids are derived from isoprene units
and are subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms and their
arrangements. Terpenoids are categorized into four basic groups:
1. Monoterpenoids/monoterpenoid lactones
2. Sesquiterpenoids/sesquiterpenoids lactones
3. Diterpenoids
4. Triterpenoids (largest group)The above classes and related classes include camphor, caro tens (beta-
carotene), xanthophylls, carotenoids, terpenes, tetraterpenes, diterpenoids,
iridoids, isoprenoids, prenols, retinoids, sesterterpenoids and steroids. If they
contain nitrogen in their structure they become respective alkaloids.
Terpenoids have a multitude of functions including functional oxidation, anti-
inflammation, strengthening (tonic effects), hepatic stimulation, and catabolic
and anabolic processes. They contribute to the aroma, bitter principles,
antimicrobial (antifungal, antibacterial, etc.), antileukemic, carminative and
adaptogenic properties of a plant. They also include properties to strengthen
the heart and increase sex hormones. Terpenoids are vital in the formation of
many vitamins.