Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

196 DESALINATION Table 1 gives the total dissolved salt of various oceans and closed seas. Over seventy elements have been detec ...

DESALINATION 197 Desalination eliminates the main elements from sea- water, producing fresh water and concentrated brine, almost ...

198 DESALINATION the result of the combined effort of scientists and engineers. However, it should not be forgotten that desalte ...

DESALINATION 199 Today electrodialysis accounts for 5.7% of plants with capacities 100 to 4000 m^3 /d and 2.5% for capacities ov ...

200 DESALINATION heat source, though reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED) and mechanical vapor compression (MVC) to the el ...

DESALINATION 201 expensive than flat plate collectors per unit area installed and per unit of thermal energy delivered. Solar po ...

202 DESALINATION temperatures and pressures. Thus, water alone is vaporized, which is the main product, and the dissolved solids ...

DESALINATION 203 evolved in the single-effect evaporator, is lost in the con- denser. A better heat recuperation would be obtain ...

204 DESALINATION has a lower pressure than the saturation pressure of pure water. It will, therefore, in losing the superheat, c ...

DESALINATION 205 CO 2 O 2 to ejector Sea water 30°C Sea 40°C Product water Blow-down 40°C brine 40°C Vent Ejector Feed water 40° ...

206 DESALINATION temperature gradient between stages, to maintain the ther- modynamic cycle. However, there are practical limits ...

DESALINATION 207 Temperature differences between brine and vapor streams leaving stages may be from 0.45 to 1.7C (
3/4 to 3F) ...

208 DESALINATION surfaces. Three simultaneous factors are required for the for- mation of the scale: Local supersaturation of t ...

DESALINATION 209 heat recovery stages heat rejection stages cooling water cooling water vent chemicals brine blowdown seawater f ...

210 DESALINATION factors, thereby increasing the water recovery ratio for saline solutions and favourably affecting the economic ...

DESALINATION 211 sulfonic acid derivatives and various esters of polyalkylene glycols. Polyphosphates act as sequestrants for ca ...

212 DESALINATION amount of salt present. Usually, at least 50 to 100% excess of each is used. This will represent a very high an ...

DESALINATION 213 a single pass through the electrodialysis stack. If the feed water is high in salinity this is not normally pra ...

214 DESALINATION feed water having 2,500 ppm and about 3.9 kWh/m^3 (14.8 kWh per 1000 gallons) for feed water containing 4,500 p ...

DESALINATION 215 FIGURE 16 A cell pair spacers and anion and cation membranes with the corresponding manifolds. Water is circula ...