Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

112 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES

Table 19 shows trends of estimated emissions of criteria

pollutants from 1970 through 2003. (note: VOCs are precur-

sors to ozone, a criteria pollutant).

Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissons.html

TABLE 19

National Air Pollutant Emissions Estimates (fires and dust excluded) for Major Pollutants

Millions of Tons Per Year

1970 1975 1980 19851 1990 1995 20011 2002 20032

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 197.3 184.0 177.8 169.6 143.6 120.0 102.4 96.4 93.7

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)^3 26.9 26.4 27.1 25.8 25.1 24.7 22.3 20.8 20.5

Particulate Matter (PM)^4

PM10 12.2^1 7.0 6.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.3

PM2.5^5 NA NA NA NA 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8

Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) 31.2 28.0 25.9 23.3 23.1 18.6 16.3 15.3 15.8

Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOC)

33.7 30.2 30.1 26.9 23.1 21.6 16.9 15.8 15.4

Lead^6 0.221 0.16 0.074 0.022 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003

Totals^7 301.5 275.8 267.2 249.2 218.1 188.0 160.2 150.2 147.7

Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html

Notes:

1. In 1985 and 1996 EPA refined its methods for estimating emissions. Between 1970 and 1975, EPA revised its methods for estimating particulate matter
   emissions.


2. The estimates for 2003 are preliminary.


3. NOx estimates prior to 1990 include emissions from fires. Fires would represent a small percentage of the NOx emissions.


4. PM estimates do not include condensable PM, or the majority of PM2.5 that is formed in the atmosphere from “precursor” gases such as SO 2 and NOx.


5. EPA has not estimated PM2.5 emissions prior to 1990.


6. The 1999 estimate for lead is used to represent 2000 and 2003 because lead estimates do not exist for these years.


7. PM2.5 emissions are not added when calculating the total because they are included in the PM10 estimate.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Forster, Christopher F., Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis Harwood
   Limited, p. 445, 1987.


2. Stern, Air Pollutants Their Transformation and Transport, Academic
   Press, p. 65, 1976.


3. Stern, Air Pollution II and III Sources and Control, Academic Press,
   p. 55, 1968.


4. National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends, 1990–1994, Monitoring,
   and Data Analysis Division U.S. Environmental protection Agency,
   Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA 454/R-95–101,
   October 1995.


5. Spiro, Thomas G. and William, M. Stigliami, Environmental Science in
   Perspective, State University of New York Press, 1980.


6. Godish, Thad, Air Quality, Lewis Publishers Inc., 1985.


7. Altshuller, A.P., Review: Natural volatile organic substances and then
   effect on air quality in the United States, Atmos. Environ. 17: 2131
   (1983).
   8. National air quality and emission trends report, 1984, U.S. Environ-
   mental Protection Agency, EPA-450/4-86-001, April 1986.
   9. Homolya, J.B. and E. Robinson, “Natural and antropogenic emis-
   sion sources,” Chapter A-2 in the Audio Deposition Phenomena and
   its Effects: Critical Assessment Review Papers, Vol. 1, Atmospheric
   Sciences, A.P. Altshuller, R.A. Linthurst, eds., EPA-600/8-83-016AF,
   July 1984.
   10. Liu, S.C., M. Trainer, F.C. Freshenfeld, D.D. Danish, E.J. Williams,
   D.W. Fahley, G. Huber, and P.C. Murphy, Ozone production in the rural
   troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distri-
   bution, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 4191 (1987).
   11. http://www.epa.gov./airlinks/
   12. http//www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/eparules.html
   13. http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html

JEHUDA MENCZEL

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

AIR POLLUTION SOURCES: see ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY,

GREENHOUSE GASES EFFECTS

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