Physical Chemistry Third Edition

242 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions EXAMPLE 6.2 Calculate the Gibbs energy change of mixing, the entropy change of mixing, the ...

6.1 Ideal Solutions 243 Exercise 6.5 From the following list, pick pairs of substances that you think will probably form nearly ...

244 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions The composition of the vapor phase at equilibrium with a liquid solution is not the same a ...

6.1 Ideal Solutions 245 If the pressure is taken as an independent variable, the mole fractions in the two phases, represented b ...

246 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions graph, and a temperature–composition diagram is created by passing a plane of con- stant p ...

6.1 Ideal Solutions 247 Equilibrium solution compositions Super- saturated P*(I)(supercooled) Naph P*(s) Naph xsaturated xNaph 0 ...

248 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions 6.9Assume that carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane form an ideal solution. Look ...

6.2 Henry’s Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions 249 0 0 100 200 P /torr (1 2 x 2 )P 2 * 5 x 1 P 1 * (Raoult s law) x 2 P 2 * ...

250 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions the behavior in Figure 6.9 as follows:In sufficiently dilute solutions nonionic solutes ob ...

6.2 Henry’s Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions 251 pressure of exactly 1 bar, for this standard state. If the pressure on t ...

252 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions Exercise 6.10 Carry out the steps to obtain Eq. (6.2-6). EXAMPLE 6.5 The value of the dist ...

6.2 Henry’s Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions 253 For a dilute solutionn 1 is much larger than the other amounts, and the ...

254 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions Themolar concentrationof componentiis defined by ci ni V (6.2-14) whereniis the amount of ...

6.2 Henry’s Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions 255 Solution For a dilute solution, ci ni V ≈ ni n 1 Vm,1 ≈ xi Vm,1 xi≈ciVm ...

256 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions EXAMPLE 6.9 At 25◦C, water at equilibrium with air at 1.000 atm contains about 8.3 ppm (pa ...

6.2 Henry’s Law and Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solutions 257 which is the same as μ 1 (x 1 )μ∗ 1 +RTln(x 1 ) (6.2-24b) where we drop ...

258 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions 6.3 Activity and Activity Coefficients We have obtained several relations for the chemical ...

6.3 Activity and Activity Coefficients 259 The activity is a dimensionless quantity that is equal to unity if the substance is i ...

260 6 The Thermodynamics of Solutions The Activity and Activity Coefficient of a Nonideal Gas The standard state for a nonideal ...

6.3 Activity and Activity Coefficients 261 where we attach the superscript (I) to specify that we are using convention I. Sinceμ ...