Physical Chemistry Third Edition

102 2 Work, Heat, and Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics wherePis the pressure andVis the volume of the system. At constant ...

2.8 Calculation of Energy Changes of Chemical Reactions 103 d.The fact that reversible processes cannot occur in the real world ...

...

3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy PRINCIPAL FACTS AND IDEAS There are two principal physical statements of ...

106 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy 3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine The s ...

3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine 107 (b) Working fluid (system) Piston Hot reservoir Cold reservo ...

108 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy V 1 V 4 V 2 V P P 1 P 2 P 4 P 3 V 3 (b) Step 1: Isothermal expansion ...

3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine 109 ACarnot heat pumpis a Carnot heat engine that is driven back ...

110 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy From Eq. (3.1-10) the amount of heat put into the hot reservoir by th ...

3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine 111 announced after the other laws. The order of announcement wa ...

112 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy and ηCarnot wsurr q 1  Th−Tc Th  1 − Tc Th (3.1-22) By comparison ...

3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Heat Engine 113 Th 273 .15 K+(40◦F− 32 ◦F) ( 5K 9 ◦F )  294 .26 K ηhp 1 1 ...

114 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy 3.7 a.Assume that natural gas is pure methane (it is actually 90–95% ...

3.2 The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law: Entropy 115 for all reversible cyclic processes in a closed system. The symbol ...

116 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy V V T (a) (c) T V (b) T Figure 3.5 Reversible Cycles of Isotherms and ...

3.2 The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law: Entropy 117 Caratheodory^1 showed thatdqrev/T is an exact differential by a mo ...

118 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy V 1 T V T (a) (b) 1 3 2 1 2 3 Figure 3.7 Reversible and Irreversible ...

3.2 The Mathematical Statement of the Second Law: Entropy 119 adiabatic process cannot lead to a state that is lower in temperat ...

120 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Entropy Entropy Changes for Nonadiabatic Processes Consider a closed system a ...

3.3 The Calculation of Entropy Changes 121 No violations of the second law of thermodynamics have ever been observed in a proper ...