INDEX I3
Ecological niche, 91, 93 f,101–2
Ecological restoration, 242, 242 b
Ecological services
estimating value of, 218b
of rivers, 270f
Ecological succession, 115, 118 b
Ecological value, 191
Ecologists, 72
Ecology, 7, 51, 52
Economic development, 10
Economic growth, 10–11, 14, 24
Economic incentives, to sustain aquatic
biodiversity, 259
Eco-philanthropists, 236
Ecosystem(s), 7 –8, 52f, 53
alligator and, 77, 79
carbon cycle and, 67–68
communities, change, and, 115–19
energy and, 61–65
energy fl ow, nutrient cycling and, 60–61
food chains, food webs and, 61–62
forest, threats to, 215–27
four-point approach to protect, 239
freshwater, 174–79
human effects on freshwater, 179
human effects on marine, 171–73
human effects on terrestrial, 158–59
limiting factors, 58
living and nonliving components, 57–58
major components of, 57–60, 60f
matter and, 65–72
nitrogen cycle and, 68–70
nutrient cycle and, 65
phosphorus cycle and, 70
producers and consumers, 58–59
production of plant matter and, 64–65
roles of species in, 91–97
scientifi c study of, 72–74
species-rich, 90–91
sulfur cycle and, 70–72
usable energy in food web or chain and,
62–64
water cycles and, 65–67
Ecosystem approach to preserving biodiversity,
239–45, 261
Ecosystem diversity, 79
Ecosystem services
natural, 240
priorities for sustaining, 271–72
EcoTimber, 231
Eddington, Arthur S., 47
Edge habitat, 114
Egg pulling, 209
Einstein, Albert, 32
Eisley, Loren, 163
Electromagnetic radiation, 42
Electron probability cloud, 36, 36f
Electrons (e), 36, 36 f
Elements, 35
important to environmental science, 36t
Elephants, protecting using DNA, 191b
Eliat, Israel, 261b
Emergency action strategy, 239
Emigration, 129
Endangered species, 186, 187 f, 189 f
Endangered Species Act, U.S., 188, 207–8, 209b,
214, 244, 257
Endemic species, 87,193, 240
Energy, 40 –43
changes, 42–43
consumption, 42
content, 42
ecosystem and, 61–65
effi ciency, 43
forms of, 40–42
productivity, 43
quality, 42,43, 56
Energy fl ow and ecosystems, 60–61, 62
Energy resources, 13
Environment, 6
Environmentalism, 8
Environmental decisions, making, 20–21
steps in, 21f
Environmental degradation, 12, 12 f
Environmental ethics, 20, 22 b
Environmentally sustainable economic
development, 11
Environmentally sustainable society, 9 –11
and economic growth, 10–11
Environmental problems
causes of, 17–21, 18f
and viewpoints of people, 20
solving, 20–21
Environmental refugees, 129
Environmental resistance, 110
Environmental revolution, 16, 24 f
Environmental science, 6 –8
fi elds of study related to, 7t
goals of, 7
as interdisciplinary study, 7f
Environmental wisdom worldview, 20
Environmental worldview, 20
Epiphytes (commensalism), 106, 106f
Estuaries,166, 167 f
Ethics
genetic engineering and, 88 b
protection of species and, 191–92, 192b
Eukaryotic cells, 51, 52 f
Euphotic zone, 170
Eutrophic lake, 175, 175 f
Evaporation, 65
Everglades National Park, 267
Everglades restoration, 267–68, 268f
Evergreen coniferous forests, 154f, 155–56
Evolution
biological, 80
catastrophic events and, 85
climate change and, 84–85, 85f, 86 b
geological processes and, 84, 85f
myths about, 84
Evolutionary divergence, 108
Exclusive economic zones, 260
Existence value, 190, 191
Exotic species, 92
Experiments, 30
controlled, 28
Experimental group, 28
Experimental site, 28
Exponential growth, 5, 110
and fossil fuels use, 5
of human population, 5f, 123
Extinction, 87
biodiversity and, 87–89
mass, 88–89, 183, 185
passenger pigeon, 183, 211
preventing, reasons for, 189–92
southern sea otters and, 100
of species and human role, 184–89, 193–206
Extinction rate, 185 –86, 186f, 188 b
Extreme poverty, 11, 11fFacilitation, 118
Failing states, 229
Family planning, 134
Feedback, in systems, 44
Feedback loops, in systems, 44 –46
negative (corrective), 45 –46, 45f
positive, 45, 45 f
Feeding level, 58
Fermentation, 59
Fertility rate, 126
factors affecting, 128
Field research, 72
Filter feeders, 170
Fires in forests, 220–21, 220f,227–28
First law of thermodynamics, 42,56, 60
Fish, consumer choices of, 265
Fisheries
managing and sustaining, 263–65
protecting and sustaining, 269–71
Fishery populations, 263
Fish exclosure, 253b
Fish Forever eco-label, 265
Fishing, 254–57
regulating harvests, 263–65, 265f
Fishprint of Nations 2006, 254
Fitness, in biology, 84
Floodplains, 178
Floodplain zone (surface water), 176, 177
Flowing (lotic) freshwater life zones, 174
Flows (throughputs), in systems, 44
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO),
U.N., 222
Food chain, 61, 62 f
Food web, 61, 63 f
Forage, 231
Forest fi re management, 227–28
Forest fragmentation and old-growth trees, 195b
Forest management, 227–31
Forest regrowth, 223
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 228b
Forest systems, 153
cutting of trees in, 219–220
economic and ecological services of, 217, 217f
management of, 227–31
threats to, 215–27
types of, 153–56, 154f
value of ecological services of, 217f, 218 b
Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada, 267f
Fossil fuels, 67
Fossil record, 81, 82f
Fossils,81, 82 f
Foundation species, 92, 95 –96
Founder effect, 113
Freshwater life zones, 56, 163 –64
human effects on, 179
importance of, 174–79
protection of, 271
types of, 174
Frontier science, 33
Fuelwood and deforestation, 229
Functional diversity, 79Gender imbalance in China, 136
Gene banks, 208–9
Genes,38, 38 f
Gene splicing, 88 b
Generalist species, 91, 91 f
Genetic diversity, 53, 53 f, 79
small populations and, 113
Genetic drift, 113