INDEX I5
Kelp forests, 104b
Kenaf, 229, 229f
Kenya, and Green Belt program, 230b
Keystone species, 92, 95 –96, 100
Killing of wild species, 204–5
Kinetic energy, 40 –42
Kingdoms, 80, 81f
Kiribati, 261
Kudzu vine, 198, 200f
K-selected species, 112, 112 f
Laboratory research, 73
Lakes, 174 –76
protecting and sustaining, 269–71
Lake Victoria
Nile perch and, 249, 253, 272
water hyacinth and, 252f
wetlands and, 265
Lake Wingra, 253b
Land ethic (Leopold), 22b
Land trust groups, 236
Large marine systems, 263
Late successional plant species, 117
Lathrup, Richard, 253b
Laurance, Bill, 195b
Law of conservation of energy, 42
Law of conservation of matter, 40, 60
Law of nature, 32
Law of the Sea Treaty, 260
Leatherback turtles, 259–60, 260f
Lentic (standing) freshwater life zones, 174
Leopold, Aldo, 20, 22b, 22 f,184, 188b, 245
Levin, Donald, 186
Levin, Philip, 186
Lewison, R. I., 260
Life expectancy, 129
Life raft ecosystems, 240
Life-support system, earth’s, 54–55
biomes and, 55–56
conditions for life, 86b
factors sustaining life on, 56
four spheres of, 54–55
solar energy and, 56–57
Likens, Gene, 28
Limiting factor principle, 58
Limiting factors, 58
Limnetic zone, 174, 175f
Lipids, 38
Littoral zone, 174, 175f
Local extinction, 185
Lofoten fi shery, Norway, 263
Logging, 217–220
Logistic growth in populations, 110, 111 b
Longlining, 257
Losey, John, 54b
Lotic (fl owing) freshwater life zones, 174
Louisiana coast and global warming,
178, 178f
Low-quality energy, 42
Low-quality matter, 39, 39 f
Maathai, Wangari, 230b
MacArthur H., Robert, 90b, 141
Macromolecules, 38
Madison, Wisconsin, 253b
Malpai Borderlands, 232
Management of forests, 227–31
Mangrove forests, 166, 168f, 168
protection and restoration of, 255b
Mantle, earth’s, 55
Marine aquatic systems. See also Aquatic
systems
human effects on, 171–73
importance of, 165–70
Marine fi sheries, managing and sustaining,
263–65
Marine life zones, 56, 163
Marine protected areas (MNAs), 260–61
Marine sanctuaries, 260–62
Marine snow, 170
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 265
Marine turtles, 259–60
Marshes, 178
Mass extinction, 88 –89, 183, 185
Matter, 35
changes in, 39–40
concentration, 39
consumption, 40
creation and destruction, 40
ecosystem and, 65–72
life and, 38
levels of organization, 52f
physical states, 39
structure of, 35–37
Matter quality, 39
Maximum sustained yield (MSY), 263
McKibben, Bill, 223
Mead, Margaret, 22
Megareserves, 238
Menander, 74
Mesotrophic lakes, 176
Metallic mineral resources, 13
Microbes, 61b
Microorganisms, 61b
Midsuccessional plant species, 116
Migration, 129
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, U.N., 10, 70, 74,
184, 185, 240, 252
Mimicry, 103
Minimum viable population size, 113
Mississippi River, 177–78
Mistletoe (parasitism), 105f
Mitigation banking, 266
Model(s),30, 73
Molecular compounds, 37
Molecule,37, 52 f
Monogrowth tree plantation, 216f
Monomers, 38
Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, 87
Mountains, 157, 157f
as islands of biodiversity, 157
Moving energy, 40
Muddy-boots biology, 72
Muir, John, 159
Multispecies management, 263
Mutagens, 82
Mutations, 82
Mutualism, 101, 106, 106 f
in coral reefs, 162
Myers, Norman, 186, 239, 240National Academy of Sciences, 266, 268
National Forest System (U.S.), 223
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 207
National parks
management of, 234–39, 236f
threats to, 234–35
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 271
National Wildlife Refuge System, 208
Native species, 92Natural capital, 8f, 9
aquatic zones, 164f
biodiversity and, 78–80, 79f, 80
biomes of earth, 146f
carbon cycle, 68f
causes of species depletion and extinction,
193 f
cells, 52f
climate zones, 142f
cod fi shery, 254f
components of ecosystem, 60f
deforestation, 223f, 225 f, 226 f
degradation, 9, 12f, 15f, 50 f, 124 f, 152 f, 158 f,
172 f, 189 f, 193 f, 194 f, 218 f, 223 f, 225 f, 226 f,
234 f, 249 f, 251 f, 254 f
endangered and threatened species, 187f, 189 f
extinct species, 185f
forests and road-building, 218f
freshwater systems, 174
gray wolves in Yellowstone, 214, 245
hydrologic cycle, 66f
insects, 54b
life and vertical zones of ocean, 166f
marine ecosystems, 165f
nature’s pharmacy, 190f
Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249f
ocean bottom, 251f
off-road vehicle damage, 234f
old-growth forests, 216f
orangutans, 189f
passenger pigeon, 183
phosphorus cycle, 71f
precipitation and temperature, 147f
prices and, 19–20
rangeland restoration, 233f
reductions in ranges of species, 194f
restoration, 233f
species as vital part of, 189–92
structure of earth, 55
subsidies and, 20
sulfur cycle, 72f
use of, 15f
wetlands restoration, 267f
Natural ecological restoration, 16
Natural ecosystem services, 240
Natural greenhouse effect, 33b, 56 –57, 68
Natural income, 10
Natural radioactive decay, 40, 41 f
Natural resources, 8f, 9
consumption of, 14f
Natural selection, 80
benefi cial genetic traits and, 82–83
human species and, 83
limits to adaptation and, 83–84
myths about evolution through, 84
reduction of competition among species and,
107–8
Natural services, 8f, 9
Nature Conservancy, 236, 252, 259, 262
Nature reserves
designing and connecting, 236–37, 237f
management of, 234–39
Nekton, 164
Net primary productivity (NPP), 64 –65, 64f
Neutral solution, 37
Neutrons (n), 36, 36 f
New Orleans and fl ood control, 177–78,
177 f, 178 f
Niche (ecological), 91, 93 f
reduction of overlap, 107, 107f