245; nationalists in, 234; and Quran,
126; religion and state in, 138; and
revolt against Uthman, 127, 128, 129;
and Shariah, 170; Umar’s defeat of,
122; and Wahhabism, 244
Eickelman, Dale, 110
El Fadl, Khaled Abou, 169
Ellenborough, Lord, 223–24
Emigrants. See Companions; Ummah
Enlightenment: European, 206, 222–23,
225, 227, 248; Islamic, 227; and
Sufism, 206
Europe: al-Afghani’s views about, 231;
Thirty Years’ War in, 248. See also spe-
cific nation
extremism, Islamic, 133, 261. See also specific
person or organization
Fadlallah, Shaykh, 87
Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi, 69
Fakhry, Majid, 69, 70
fasting, 58, 100, 146, 147–48, 150
Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter), 41, 73,
117, 119–20, 137, 176, 177, 179, 182,
244
Fatimids, 137
feminism, Islamic, 53, 71, 73–74
Faqih. See Valayat-e Faqih
Five Pillars of Islam, 145–55, 201
followers. See Companions; Ummah
free will, 153, 154
Fueck, Jonathan, 15
fundamentalism, 79, 241–42, 245, 246–47,
261, 264. See also Wahhabism
Gabrieli, Francesco, 88, 92
Ghassanids, 10, 11, 12
Ghaznavid Dynasty, 137
Gil, Moshe, 89–90
Gnosticism, 11, 115, 199, 215–16
God: attributes of, 145, 154–55; baraka of,
159–60; essence of, 155, 201, 210–11;
as good, 39–40; and love, 211; and
monotheism, 43; Muhammad’s rela-
tionship with, 216; names for, 214;
Oneness and Unity of, 149, 150–55,
213–14, 215, 248, 263; Quran as, 158;
as reality, 213
gods, 7–8, 15. See also paganism; specific god
Goiten, S. D., 98
Goldziher, Ignaz, 68, 111
Gospels, 35, 68, 99, 101, 102, 103, 157, 216
Graetz, Heinrich, 92
Graham, William, 160
Grant, Charles, 223
Index 299Great Britain: and colonialism, 220–40, 255,
256; and Egypt, 228–40; and India,
220–28, 255, 256; and Iraq, 255; and
Saudi Arabia, 244, 247
hadith (oral anecdotes), 67–71, 163–64, 184,
186
Hadl (clan), 53
Haeri, Fadhlalla, 200–201
Hafiz (Sufi poet), 209, 211, 214
Hafsah (Muhammad’s wife), 64
Hagar, 4, 149
Hajj pilgrimage, 5, 148–50, 205, 210, 246
Hakam (tribal mediator), 29, 30–31, 32,
55–57, 58, 88, 92, 124, 135. See also spe-
cific person
Halm, Heinz, 179
Hamas, 86, 246
Hamzah (Muhammad’s uncle), 76, 78
Hanafi School, 155, 165–66, 167
Hanbali School, 141, 144, 154, 166
Hanifism (monotheistic movement), 13–15,
22, 32, 40, 43, 44, 88, 89
Harun al-Rashid, 142
Hasan (Muhammad’s grandson), 41, 127–28,
129, 172, 173–74, 176, 180, 181, 184,
185, 188
Hashim (clan): and Ali’s death, 135; and
early verses revealed by Muhammad,
41; and Hasan-Mu‘awiyah conflict,
174; and Husayn’s death, 173; as
Muhammad’s clan, 24; as part of
Quraysh tribe, 32; Quraysh boycott of,
46–47; and Sharif of Mecca, 240; and
successors to Muhammad, 112,
115–16, 117, 119, 123, 124–25, 130,
135
Hashim (Muhammad’s great grandfather),
26
Hawting, G. R., 5
henotheism, 8, 40
hereditary succession, 116–17
heretics, 11, 158
Hidden Imam, 186, 191, 192. See also Mahdi
Hidden Sufi, 205
Hind (wife of Abu Sufyan), 76, 78, 106, 124
Hinds, Martin, 113
Hindus, 199, 208, 210, 213, 224, 256, 262,
263
Hizbullah, 86, 87
Hodgson, Marshall, 59
Holy Roman Empire, 11, 79, 80, 122, 167
“holy war”: and jihad, 80–81
Hosea, 64
Hubal (Syria moon god), 3, 8, 14, 78, 106