304 Index
Muhammad (cont’d ):
literacy of, 35–36; as Mahdi, 185; mar-
riages of, 33, 63–65; as Messenger of
God, 35, 39, 44, 55, 56, 76, 82, 105, 138,
150; miracle of, 157; as orphan, 32; and
paganism, 16–18; as prophet, 182; as
reformer, 17–18, 41, 58; Revelations of,
5, 17, 19, 20, 34–42, 81–82, 83, 148,
179; rumors of death of, 78; as Shaykh,
56, 57–58; and Shi‘ites, 179, 180, 181;
social status of, 33; stories/legends
about, 15–16, 19–21, 52–53, 59; succes-
sors to, 107–39; and Sufism, 215–16;
tomb of, 243; transformation of, 81–82;
uniqueness of, 43–45; as warner, 40–41,
82; wealth of, 33; Zayd ibn Amr’s meet-
ing with, 15–16, 22. See also specific person
or topic
“Muhammad in Medina,” 52
Muharram, 180, 181, 244
Mujahadin, 259–60
mujtahid, 184, 185
Müller, Max, 8
Murshid, Daquiqa bint, 70
Musa al-Kazim, Imam, 185, 186, 190
Musharraf, Pervez, 257
music, 160, 217–18, 244
Muslim Brothers, 239, 240, 242, 245–46,
261
Muslim Empire: beginning of, 175
Muslim League, 246, 256
Muslims: Companions as first generation of,
67; dual identities of, 137–38; emer-
gence of, 57; internal conflict among,
248; Jewish relations with early, 53,
93–104, 137; reunification of, 137; sec-
ond generation of, 67; unity of, 150,
231, 234. See also Islam; specific topic
Mustaliq (clan), 120
Mu‘tazilite school, 153–54, 155, 232. See also
Rationalists
mysticism, 200–201, 205, 218
Nadir (clan), 53, 55, 90–91, 94
Naqshbandi Order, 217, 218
nationalism, 138, 234, 235, 238, 245, 246,
255, 257
Neoplatonism, 199, 218
nepotism, 125, 127, 128
Netton, Ian Richard, 217
Newby, Gordon, 9, 97–98
Nicene Council (325 C.E.), 11
Nicholson, Reynold, 198, 215
Noah, 4, 9, 17, 179
Noeldeke, Theodor, 126
Nurbakhsh, Javad, 209
Nuri, Shaykh Fazlollah, 191
oath of allegiance: and Medinan ideal, 258;
and Modernists, 232–33; and Muham-
mad’s death, 110, 118; and Muham-
mad’s return to Mecca, 106; and
Quraysh-Muhammad conflict, 106;
and successors to Muhammad, 123,
125, 128, 129, 130; and Sufism, 209; in
tribes, 30; and Uthman revolt, 128,
129
oil, 245, 246, 247
Omar, Mullah, 260
orphans, 32, 40–41, 61, 63
orthodoxy, 144, 164–65, 201, 205, 219
orthopraxy, 144, 164
Otto, Rudolph, 151
Ottoman Empire, 137, 187, 228, 231, 234,
240, 244–45
Oveyssi Order, 210
paganism: and afterlife, 6; and Allah, 6–7, 8;
animistic roots of, 8; Bedouin, 5; and
Christianity, 10–12, 13, 14; and con-
versions, 94; ending of, in Mecca, 106;
and Judaism, 9–10, 12, 13, 22; and
Ka‘ba, 14; meaning of, 6; in Medina,
97; and Muhammad, 16–18; and
Muhammad’s return to Mecca, 106; as
religious perspective, 6; in sedentary
societies, 6–7, 8; in Yathrib, 54, 56–57
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza, 189–90
Pahlavi, Reza, 187–88
Pakistan, 147, 170, 228, 256–57, 259–60
Palestine, 236, 255, 260
Pan-Arabism, 233–34, 235, 236, 242, 245
Pan-Islamism, 231, 233, 234–35, 236, 242,
245, 246
partitioning of lands, 255–56, 263
Pashtun, 259, 260
patrilineal societies, 62, 63
Penitents (tawwabun), 178, 179
“People of Heaven,” 133, 247
“People of Hell,” 133, 247
“People of the Book,” 100, 101, 102, 103
Perfect Man, 215
Persian Gulf War, 247
Peters, F. E., 28, 96
pilgrimages: and activities/songs of pilgrims,
4, 5, 8; and caravans, 23; Hajj, 5, 148–50,
205, 210, 246; internal, 205; and Jewish
influence on Ka‘ba, 10; “lesser,” 148;
and Mecca’s religio-economic system,
28; and Medina as sanctuary city, 82; of