Index 305Muhammad to Mecca, 104–6, 112; of 167–70; and cultural norms, 71; and
Nasser to al-Banna’s tomb, 237–38; and demise of tribal ethic, 40; and designa-
Quraysh control of Mecca, 26; and tion of Jews and Christians as unbe-
Quraysh-Muhammad conflict, 45–46; lievers, 103; as direct revelation
and Qusayy’s control of Mecca, 25; and (Surahs), 157–58, 161; and equality of
Saudi monarchy, 246; season for, 23; and sexes, 60–61; and evolution of Islam,
Sufism, 205, 210; and trade, 26; and 111, 248; evolution of, 167–69; exege-
Wahhabism, 243–44; water for, 19; and sis of, 160–62; and fasting, 147; and
women, 71 Five Pillars, 146; and fundamentalism,
Pinault, David, 180–81 241–42; as God, 158; and hadith,
Pirs, 199, 200, 202, 209–10, 215, 218, 242 68–71; historical context of, 161, 169;
pluralism, 262–63, 264 as holy and revealed scripture, 12,
poets, 7–8, 156–57. See also Kahins 99–103; and Husayn’s death, 172; and
polyandry, 63 Imams, 182–83; and influences on
polygyny, 63 Muhammad, 17, 101, 102; interpreta-
polytheism, 84–85, 94, 151, 262–63 tion of, 161, 169; and Iranian Revolu-
poverty, 32, 33–34, 40–41, 60. See also tion of 1979, 189; and Islamic
charity Reformation, 262–63, 264; and jihad,
prayer, 58, 100, 146–47, 150 81, 84, 86, 87; and Judaism, 95, 97,
profession of faith (shahadah), 8, 43, 44–45, 101, 102; and Ka‘ba, 148–49, 159; lan-
58, 145–46, 150–55, 182, 216 guage in, 157–58; and Law of Retribu-
property, 61, 84. See also inheritance laws tion, 59; and legal system, 163, 164,
prophets, 17, 34–35, 37, 123, 182, 215. See 165, 166, 167–70; as living text, 169;
also specific person Luqman’s chapter in, 43; and marriage,
proselytizing: by Christians, 10, 95, 115, 63; and Modernists, 227; as “Mother of
223–28, 236; and colonialism, 223–28; Books” (Umm al-Kitab), 99–100, 157,
and dhimmi, 94; in Hanifism, 15; and 158, 262; Muhammad as “beautiful
jihad, 85; and paganism, 94; and model” in, 215, 216; and Muhammad
Shi‘ites, 180–81; and successors to as Kahin, 38; and Muhammad as Mes-
Muhammad, 122; and Ummah as tribe, senger of God, 35; and Muhammad as
58 pagan, 16–17; Muhammad’s epithet in,
puritanism, Islamic, 233, 241, 246 35; and Muhammad’s literacy, 35; as
purity requirements, 58, 100 Muhammad’s miracle, 157; Muham-
mad’s views about, 168–69, 262; and
Qadarite school, 152 Oneness and Unity of God, 152, 213,
Qadiri Order, 216–17, 219 215; organization of, 161; and profes-
Qadisiyyah: Umar’s defeat of Iranian forces sion of faith, 150; and Quranic recita-
at, 122 tions, 160; and Quraysh-Muhammad
Qa‘id (tribal war leader), 29, 55, 58, 113 conflict, 46; Qurra (readers) of, 126,
Qajar Dynasty, 187 160; as Rasul Allah, 35; and religious
qalb (heart), 208–9, 214 pluralism, 262–63; and Revelations,
Qaynuqa (clan), 53, 55, 60, 89–91, 94 100, 148, 157–58, 160–61, 162,
qiyas (analogical arguments), 164, 232 168–69; ruh in, 208; and Shariah, 165,
Quran: Abdu’s views about, 232; and age of 166, 167–70; and Shi‘ites, 182–83, 184,
manhood, 36; and Ali-Mu‘awiyah con- 186; shirk in, 151; and spread of Islam,
flict, 134; and attempts to define Mus- 67; as static and unchanging, 162; and
lim identity, 132; and baraka, 160; and successors to Muhammad, 113, 116,
calligraphy, 159; and Christianity, 12, 117, 124, 125–26, 129, 132, 134; and
101, 103–4; collection and codification Sufism, 200, 201, 202; and Sunna, 164;
of, 125–26, 129, 161; and colonialism, and tithing, 60; and Traditionalist con-
227; commentaries on, 68–71, 168–69; troversy, 153–54, 155, 159, 161–62;
and communal character of Islam, 264; translations of, 69–70, 159; and Ulama,
as constitution of Saudi Arabia, 257; 143, 169; and Umar’s conversion, 155;
contradictions in, 168, 169; creation Ummah references in, 57; and Uthman
and nature of, 140–42, 143, 159, 161, revolt, 129; variations in, 126; Verse of