306 Index
Quran (cont’d ):
Light in, 183, 184; and Wahhabism,
244; and warfare, 84–85; and women,
65, 66, 68–71, 73–74
Quraysh tribe: attempts to murder Muham-
mad by, 48–49; boycott of Muhammad
and Companions by, 46–47; domi-
nance in Mecca/Hijaz of, 24–32, 74,
81; early reactions to Muhammad by,
41, 42, 43–49; and early verses revealed
by Muhammad, 40; emergence of, 25;
greed and wickedness of, 40; Hashim
as clan within, 32; and Mahdi, 186;
Muhammad’s conflict with, 43–49, 63,
75–92, 263; Muhammad’s defeat of,
108; and Muhammad’s desire for
Mecca, 81–92; Muhammad’s dreams
about, 75–76; and Muhammad’s migra-
tion to Yathrib, 51; and Muhammad’s
pilgrimage to Mecca, 104–6; and
Muhammad’s Revelation, 37; and suc-
cessors to Muhammad, 112, 116, 117,
122, 123, 125, 130, 134; as Wardens of
the Sanctuary, 24; wealth of, 29. See
also specific member
Qurayza (clan), 53, 55, 64, 90, 91–94, 95,
104
Qusayy, 24–26, 28, 175
Qutb, Sayyid, 138–39, 238–40, 242,
251, 258
Rabia of Basra, 201, 211–12
radicalism, Islamic, 86, 238–40, 242, 246.
See also Qutb, Sayyid
Rahman (god), 110
Rahman, Hannah, 98
Ramadan, 100, 146, 147–48, 150
Ramadan, Tariq, 254
Ramayana, 156
rape, 84
Rashidun Caliphate, 114
Rationalists, 140–42, 143–44, 153–55,
158–62. See also Mu‘tazilite School
Rayhana (Muhammad’s wife), 64
Reagan, Ronald, 260
reality, 203, 206, 208, 213, 215, 217
reason, 153, 154, 161, 164, 165, 169,
184–85, 202, 232, 253
Reed, Jonathan, 97
reform/reformers: and early verses revealed
by Muhammad, 39–42; liberal Muslim,
73; and Muhammad as reformer,
43–49, 52–53; and profession of faith
(Shahadah), 43; prophets as, 17; and
Protestant Reformation, 248; social
and economic, 43–49, 52–53; and
women, 73. See also Islamic Reforma-
tion; specific person or movement
Reissener, H. G., 97
religion: and citizenship, 80; and culture, 17;
and Islamic democracy, 265; ortho-
doxic versus orthopraxic, 144; plural-
ism in, 262–63; and politics, 152; and
separation of church and state, 258–59,
262; as simplifying truth, 153; and
social identity, 80; and territorial
expansion, 80; unification of state and,- See also specific person, religion, or
topic
Renard, John, 145
retreats, 17, 33–34
Revelations: Abdu’s views about, 232; and
Imams, 182; and Islamic Reformations,
253, 254, 257, 266; and legal system,
164; of Muhammad, 5, 17, 19, 20,
34–42, 81–82, 83, 148, 179; and poly-
theism, 263; and prophets, 34–35; and
Quran, 100, 148, 157–58, 160–61, 162,
168–69; of Qutb, 239; and reasoning,
164; and Shariah, 165, 167–68; and
Shi‘ites, 181, 183; and Sufism, 200; and
Traditionalist controversy, 153, 154;
and women, 71
Rida, Rashid, 233
Riddah Wars, 118–19, 134
Rifa’i Order, 201, 217
rituals: as believer’s intention, 145, 146; and
Five Pillars, 145–55; and Islam as nas-
cent religion, 58; and orthopraxy, 144;
of Shi‘ites, 179, 180–81, 184; and
Sufism, 202, 216–17; of Sunni Islam,
181; and Wahhabism, 242. See also spe-
cific ritual
Rodinson, Maxime, 47
ruh (Universal Spirit), 208–9, 214, 215
Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 203–4, 209, 213, 217
Rwanda, 255, 256
Saadi of Shiraz, 203
Sachedina, Abdulaziz, 187, 263
sacrifices, 16–17, 22, 149, 179–80
Sa‘d ibn Ubayda, 112, 117
Safavid Dynasty/Empire, 187
Saiva kingdoms, 80
Salafiyyah movement, 233
Salim I, 187
Saljuq Dynasty, 137
salvation, 133, 154
Sana‘, 10, 18, 28
Sarjeant, R. B., 111