This data set was further elaborated by Howe and Kaufman as ‘The Valuesof Con-
temporary American Planners’ (emphasis added) in 1981.
14 Exemplified in the subtitle to Ann Forsyth’s Constructing Suburbs(1999): namely,
‘Competing Voices in a Debate Over Urban Growth’.
15 Charles Hoch examines (1988) the complex way in which North American planners
are exposed to the risk of political conflict in their work, and addresses the need
for more highly developed negotiating and organizing skills. His research, including
some interesting case studies, is presented as ‘Conflict at Large: A National Survey
of Planners and Political Conflict’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 8(1),
1988.
16 The most apparent ‘admissions bias’ hinges around the assumption that ‘straight’
undergraduate planning courses produce operatives more/less useful than the
product of hybrid courses offered to people with a cognate first degree. From my basis
of experience there are operational presumptions in favour of both.
17 Martin Krieger (1988) reviews this problematic within a piece on ‘Courage and Char-
acter in Planning’ as ‘depend[ing] on our commitments rather than on investment or
materials; that failure and error are occasions for triumph rather than signs of ex-
haustion, and that devotion is more important than maximising. We also find that
believing is more important than is skepticism, that power is authoritative rather than
sovereign, and that we learn from poignant example rather than from abstract theory.’
Chapter 2 Knowledge Power Outcomes
1 Work on this book started during the antipodean summer of 1995–6. It emerged from
papers on ‘planning’, ‘conservation’ and ‘development’ evolved at three universities
(Newcastle-on-Tyne, Cambridge, Auckland) over three decades. This was teaching inter-
laced with practice and observation in the Anglo settler society and developing nation
contexts, in both of which honourable planning intentions led frequently to disappoint-
ing outcomes! My contention was, and remains, that there is a bedrock need for every
planning operator, despite the overwhelming demands of practice, to acquire a princi-
pled grounding in the theory of their craft, and for each individual practitioner to under-
stand what they undertake public-policy intervention for. In short, to align with John
Stuart Mill’s dictum (1840) that ‘sound theory is the only foundation for sound practice’.
Chapter 3 Charter for Conservation with Development
1 Over 30 years ago, in 1969, the references to ‘development’ in Albert Waterston’s
benchmark study Development Planning covered 21 pages.
2 The first edition of The Wealth of Nationsby Adam Smith was printed in 1776. My own
copy is a 1920 fifth reprint of a 1910 edition from which I gleaned this reference to The
Invisible Hand: ‘[An entrepreneur] intends only his own gain, and he is in this led by
an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.’ A contem-
porary selection by Kathryn Sutherland is available as An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1998.
3 My preference is Bernard Porter’s The Lion’s Share(1996); and for an equivalent version
written within the era of colonial expansion see Egerton’s (1897) Short History of British
Colonial Policy.Notes to pp. 32–75 285