Kant: A Biography

486 Notes to Pages 282-287

28. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 51.


29. Kant, "Old Saw," p. 53. That the concept of duty must be understood in this way
    by everyone is a central claim of the Foundations as well.


30. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 147.


31. Hamann, Briefu>echsel,Y, pp. 176,182; see also p. 189, where Hamann predicts that
    it will soon be sent off.


32. Kant, Practical Philosophy, pp. 43-108 (Ak 4, pp. 387-463). In the following sum¬
    mary I shall concentrate on the metaphysical aspects of the work, and not on the
    practical implications or applications of the categorical imperative. For a percep¬
    tive account of the latter, see especially Barbara Herman, The Practice of Moral
    Judgment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). For a collection of
    some of the most important recent essays on this work, see Paul Guyer (ed.),
    Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays (Lanham, Md:
    Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).


33. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 44(Ak4, p. 389).


34. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 47 (Ak 4, p. 392).


35. See pp. 144-151, this volume.


36. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 52 (Ak 4, p. 397).


37. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 57 (Ak 4, p. 402).


38. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 61 (Ak 4, p. 406).


39. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 65 (Ak4, p. 412). .. '•


40. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 46 (Ak 4, p. 390).


41. Ibid.


42. This cannot be overemphasized, given the contemporary tendency (one that is
    almost universal) to treat Kant's Foundations as being about the everyday situations
    of ordinary moral agents.


43. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 72 (Ak 4, p. 420).


44. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 108 (Ak 4, p. 463).


45. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 73 (Ak 4, p. 421). He also formulates it as follows:
    "act as if the maxim of your action were to become a universal law of nature."
    Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 73 (Ak 4, p. 421).


46. Kant, Practical Philosophy, pp. 80, 83 (Ak 4, pp. 429, 433). Since Kant does not
    clearly identify the third version, there may be some dispute about this.


47. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 87 (Ak 4, p. 438).


48. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 89 (Ak 4, p. 440).


49. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 94 (Ak 4, p. 446).


50. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 96 (Ak 4, p. 448).


51. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 96 (Ak 4, p. 449).


52. Kant, Practical Philosophy, pp. 9Öf. (Ak 4, p. 449). This description of the circle is
    somewhat different from Kant's own, but I do not think it is incompatible with what
    he says. The entire problem is difficult, and this short summary should not be
    taken as an attempt to solve it. For a good discussion of the problem see Henry E.
    Allison, "The Reciprocity Thesis," in Kant's Theory of Freedom, pp. 201-230.


53. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 98 (Ak 4, p. 451).


54. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 77 (Ak 3, p. 425).