676 IndexEffi cient system, components of, 116
Electrical energy, transformation of, 107
Electrical networks, 17, 116, 118
Electrical symbols, 108
Electrical waveforms, 323
Electric circuit
components of, 102–103
conservation of energy, 108
diagram, see Circuit diagram
passive, 103
theory, 14
Electric fi eld
characteristics of 110, 115
radial, 105
Electricity
elect ric u n its, 101–102
historical perspectives, 101
Electric power, 107
Electrodes, 110
Electromagnetic theory, 102
Electromagnetic waves, 102
Electrons
characteristics of, 102, 106, 138
discovery of, 104
electric charge and, 106
fl ow of, 105 –106
free, 105
Element transformation, 567–568
ellip function, 588
Elliptic fi lter
characteristics of, 562, 573, 577–578, 596
implementation of, 583
transfer function, 582
Empedocles, 104
Energy
circuit elements, 103
signal, 2, 26–27
Enhancement devices, 569
Equalizer
circuit, 321
components of, 338, 569
Equivalent circuit
characteristics of, 239–240
DC, 145
model, 355–356
Norton’s, 104, 120–121, 125–126, 252, 256
Thevenin’s, 104, 120, 125–126, 169, 252, 254,
256–257
Equivalent digital FIR, 586
Equivalent resistance, 113, 126
Euler’s equalities, 15
Euler’s identities, 16, 73, 226–227, 323
Even function
algebraic rules, 23analog and discrete cases, 22
energy analysis, 75–76
Fourier transform, 329, 336, 470
symmetric, 23
Even signals, 2
Expansion
continuous time signal, 25
devices, 569
Fourier transform, 323–324, 326, 329–330, 332
Expected value, 45
Exponential
coeffi cient, 127
complex, 73
functions, 15–16
sequence, 15
signals, 14
ezplot, 31–32F
Faraday, Michael, 102
Faradays, 108
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 457–459, 499
Feedback, 569
Feedback loops, 595–596
fft algorithms, 498
Fidelity, angle modulation, 22
fi lter function, 43
Filtering process, 56
Filters
application problems, 660–665
characteristics of, 40
classifi cation of, 561
complexity, 583
design specs, 568–569
examples, 599–660
frequency-magnitude vectors, 642–643,
646–649
ideal, 561–563
implementation examples, 655–658
impulse response, 594
in frequency domain, 563
order, 568–569
performance test example, 617–620
prototypes, 562–563, 566–567, 569, 588
theory, 561, 578
Final value theorem, 321, 349
Finite discrete sequence, 26
Finite energy, 26, 331
Finite impulse response (FIR) fi lters
characteristics 45, of, 595–596
multiband, 595
symmetry conditions, 592–593, 636CRC_47760_Index.indd 676CRC_47760_Index.indd 676 7/18/2008 3:10:50 PM7/18/2008 3:10:50 PM