692
INDEX
Cannabinoids, 145, 179
Cap site, 14
Capacitance vessels, 543
Capacitation, 404
Capacity, 305
Capillaries, 537–538
Capillary circulation, 546–549
active capillaries, 549
equilibration with interstitial fluid, 548
flow, 547
inactive capillaries, 549
methods of study, 546–547
pressure, 547
Capillary wall, 49–50
filtration, 49
oncotic pressure, 49
transcytosis, 49–50
Capsule, 643
Carbamino compounds, 612
Carbohydrates, 19–23, 103, 452–454
acidosis, 324
adrenal glucocorticoids, 332
automatic nerves, 327–328
biosynthesis, 317–318
catecholamines, 331–332
changes in protein metabolism, 323
cholesterol metabolism, 324
citric acid cycle, 20
coma, 324
cyclic AMP, 327
diabetes mellitus, 333–334
directional-flow valves, 21
energy production, 20–21
exercise, 331
factors determining plasma glucose level,
22–23
fat derivatives, 327
fat metabolism in diabetes, 323–324
glucagon, 328–330
glucose tolerance, 321–323
glucose transporters, 318
glycogen, 21–22
growth hormone, 332
hexoses, 19, 23
hyperglycemia, 323
hypoglycemia, 332–333
insulin, 316–320
insulin deficiency, 321–325
insulin excess, 325–326
insulin–glucagon molar ratios, 330
insulin preparations, 319
insulin receptors, 921
intestinal hormones, 328
intracellular glucose deficiency, 323
islet cell hormones, 330–331
islet cell structure, 316
long-term changes in B cell responses, 328
mechanism of action, 320–321
metabolic syndrome, 334–335
metabolism, 313, 315–336, 382
obesity, 334–335
pancreatic islets, 331
pancreatic polypeptide, 331
plasma glucose level, 326–327
protein, 327
regulation of insulin secretion, 326–327
regulation of secretion, 329–330
relation to potassium, 319
secreted insulin, 318–320
secretion, 317–318
somatostatin, 330–331
thyroid hormones, 332
type 2 diabetes, 334–335
types of diabetes, 334
Carbon dioxide transport, 612–615
acid–base balance, 613–614
buffering in blood, 615–616
carbon dioxide transport, 613
chloride shift, 612–613
Carbon monoxide, 564
Carbon monoxide poisoning, 621
Carbon monoxyhemoglobin, 525
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, 614
Carbonic anhydrase, 615, 679
Carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, 621
Carboxyhemoglobin, 525
Cardiac arrhythmias, 497–502
abnormal pacemakers, 497
accelerated AV conduction, 501
antiarrhythmic drugs, 501
atrial arrhythmias, 499
consequences of, 499
ectopic foci of excitation, 498
implanted pacemakers, 497–498
long QT syndrome, 501
normal cardiac rate, 497
radiofrequency catheter ablation, reentrant
pathways, 501–502
reentry, 498–499
ventricular arrhythmias, 499–501
Cardiac conduction system, 489
Cardiac cycle, mechanical events, 507–520
arterial pulse, 510–512
atrial pressure changes, 512
atrial systole, 508
early diastole, 509
echocardiography, 513
heart sounds, 512
jugular pulse, 512
late diastole, 507
length of systole, diastole, 510
murmurs, 512–513
pericardium, 510
timing, 510
ventricular systole, 508
Cardiac excitation, 490–492
anatomic considerations, 490
cardiac muscle, 490–491
pacemaker potentials, 491–492
spread of, 492
Cardiac index, 514
Cardiac innervation, 556
Cardiac muscle, 490–491
morphology, 106
relation of tension to length, 515
Cardiac output, 513–519
cardiac muscle, relation of tension to length, 515
end-diastolic volume, factors affecting, 515
factors controlling, 514–515
integrated control, 518–519
measurement, 513–514
myocardial contractility, 515–517
oxygen consumption by heart, 519
in various conditions, 514
Cardiac pacemaker, 489
Cardiac vector, 495
Cardiopulmonary receptors, 558, 561
Cardiovascular control, 556
Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, 555–568
atrial stretch receptors, 561
autoregulation, 563
baroreceptor nerve activity, 560
baroreceptor resetting, 560
baroreceptors, 558–559carbon monoxide, 564
cardiac innervation, 556
cardiopulmonary receptors, 561
circulating vasoconstrictors, 567
direct effects on RVLM, 562–563
endothelial cells, 563
endothelin-1, 564–565
endothelins, 564–566
endothelium, 563–566
innervation of blood vessels, 556
kinins, 566
local regulation, 563
medullary control of cardiovascular system,
556–558
natriuretic hormones, 566
neural control of cardiovascular system,
555–563
nitric oxide, 563–564
peripheral chemoreceptor reflex, 562
prostacyclin, 563
regulation of secretion, 565
role of baroreceptors, 560–561
substances secreted by endothelium, 563
systemic regulation by hormones, 566–567
Valsalva maneuver, 561–562
vasodilator metabolites, 563
Cardiovascular system, 312
neural control, 555–563
neural regulatory mechanisms, 555–556
Carnitine, 23
Carnitine deficiency, 26
Carotenemia, 310
Carotid bodies, 562
Carotid sinus, 558
Carotid sinus nerve, 559
Carriers, 33, 46
Carrying angle, 418
Caspases, 42
Casts, 659
Catabolism, 459
of amino acids, 18
of catecholamines, 139
of hemoglobin, 526–527
Catalase, 35, 64
Cataplexy, 237
Catch-up growth, 387–388
Catechol-O-methyltransferase, 139
Catecholamines, 130, 138–140, 312, 331–332,
338–340
biosynthesis of catecholamines, 138–139
catabolism of catecholamines, 139
catecholamines, 138–139
dopamine, 139–140
dopamine receptors, 140
epinephrine, 138
norepinephrine, 138
receptors, 139
Categorical hemisphere, 295
CatSper, 404
Caudate nucleus, 249
Causalgia, 168, 169
Caveolae, 44
Caveolae-dependent uptake, 43
Caveolin, 44
CBG. See Corticosteroid-binding globulin
Cell adhesion molecules, 32, 38
Cell-attached patch clamp, 45
Cell cycle, 13
Cell membrane, 32–34
Cell morphology, 31–43
apoptosis, 42–43
cell adhesion molecules, 38