INDEX
699Glucocorticoids, 337, 343, 347, 350–351, 371
ACTH secretion, 349
adrenal insufficiency, 349
anti-allergic effects, 351
anti-inflammatory effects, 351
blood cells, 350
Cushing syndrome, 350–351
intermediary metabolism, 349
lymphatic organs, effects on, 350
mechanism of action, 349
metabolism of, 347
nervous system, 349
pathologic effects of, 350–351
permissive action, 349
physiologic effects, 349–350
resistance to stress, 350
vascular reactivity, 349
water metabolism, 349
Glucogenic, 18
Glucokinase, 20
Gluconeogenesis, 20
Gluconeogenic, 18
Glucose buffer function, 481
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
See
GIP
Glucose/galactose malabsorption, 453
Glucose tolerance, 321–323
Glucose transporters, 318
Glucuronyl transferase, 483–484
Glutamate, 135, 140, 175, 577
Glutamate decarboxylase, 141
Glutamate receptors, 141
Glutamic dehydrogenase, 681
Glutaminase, 681
Glycine, 142
Glycogenesis, 20
Glycogenin, 21
Glycogenolysis, 20
Glycogen synthase, 21
Glycolysis, 20
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, 33
GM-CSF.
See
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-
stimulating factor
GnRH.
See
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Golgi apparatus, 40, 42
Golgi cells, 256
Golgi tendon organ, 162
Gonadal steroid-binding globulin, 407
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 280
Gonads, 391–428
aberrant sexual differentiation, 396–398
abnormalities of ovarian function, 422–423
abnormalities of testicular function, 410
anabolic effects, 408
androgen-secreting tumors, 410
anovulatory cycles, 413–414
blood–testis barrier, 402–403
breasts, 417
central nervous system, 417
changes during intercourse, 414
chromosomal abnormalities, 396–397
chromosomal sex, 392–393
chromosomes, 392
contraception, 422
control of cycle, 421
control of ovarian function, 420–422
control of testicular function, 409–410
cryptorchidism, 410
cyclic changes in breasts, 414
cyclic changes in uterine cervix, 414
development of brain, 396
development of breasts, 426
development of gonads, 394
ejaculation, 406
embryology of genitalia, 394–396
embryology of human reproductive system,
394–396
endocrine changes, 424
endocrine function of testes, 406–409
endocrine organs, 417
environmental estrogens, 418
erection, 405–406
estrous cycle, 415
failure to reject fetal graft, 424
feedback effects, 421
female genitalia, 417
female reproductive system, 411–427
female secondary sex characteristics, 418
fertilization, 423–424
fetoplacental unit, 425
gametogenesis, 402–406
gynecomastia, 427
human chorionic gonadotropin, 424
human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424
hormonal abnormalities, 397–398
hormones, 427
hypothalamic components, 420–421
implantation, 423–424
indicators of ovulation, 414–415
infertility, 424
inhibins, 409–410
initiation of lactation after delivery, 427
lactation, 426–427
male hypogonadism, 410
male reproductive system, 402–410
mechanism of action, 408–409, 418–419
menopause, 400
menstrual abnormalities, 422–423
menstrual cycle, 411–415
metabolism, 407
normal menstruation, 413
ovarian cycle, 411–412
ovarian hormones, 416–420
parturition, 425–426
pituitary gonadotropins, 400–402
placental hormones, 425
precocious, delayed puberty, 399–400
pregnancy, 423–426
prolactin, 400–402
prolactin secretion, 401–402
PSA, 406
puberty, 398–400
reflex ovulation, 421–422
relaxin, 420
secondary sex characteristics, 407–408
secretion, 407, 417, 419
semen, 405
sex chromatin, 392–393
sex chromosomes, 392
sex differentiation, 392–400
sexual precocity, 399–400
spermatogenesis, 403–404
spermatozoa development, 404
steroid feedback, 410
structure, 402
synthetic estrogens, 418
temperature, 405
testicular production of estrogens, 409
testosterone, 406–407
transport, 407
uterine cycle, 412–413
vaginal cycle, 414
vasectomy, 406
Gout, 11GPI anchors. See Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
anchors
GRA. See Glucocorticoid-remediable
aldosteronism
Graafian, 412
Gracilus, 173
Grade I proteins, 464
Grade II proteins, 464
Granule cells, 221, 254
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 65
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factor, 65
Granulocytes, 63–65, 522
Gravity, effect on circulation, 544
Gray rami communicans, 263
GRH. See Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Group II endings. See Secondary endings
Growth factors, 57–58, 382
Growth hormone, 279, 332, 371, 377, 380–385
binding, 381
biosynthesis, 380–381
carbohydrate metabolism, 382
chemistry, 380–381
direct actions of, 384
effects on growth, 382
electrolyte metabolism, 382
fat metabolism, 382
growth hormone receptors, 381–382
hypothalamic control of secretion, 384
indirect actions, 384
peripheral control of secretion, 384
plasma levels, 381
protein metabolism, 382
somatomedins, 382–384
species specificity, 381
stimuli affecting growth hormone secretion,
384–385
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, 280
Growth hormone-releasing hormone, 280
Growth periods, 386
Growth-promoting factors, 90
Growth physiology, 385–388
catch-up growth, 387–388
growth periods, 386
hormonal effects, 386–387
role of nutrition, 385–386
GRP, 448
GRPP. See Glicentin-related polypeptide
GTPase activating proteins, 53
Guanine exchange factors, 53
Guanylin, 448
Guanylyl cyclase, 57
Guarding, 170
Gustducin, 226
Gynecomastia, 427H
Habituation, 291
Hair cells, 211
Hair dust, 206–208
Haldane effect, 612
Hartnup disease, 456
Haversian canals, 371
Haversian systems, 371
HbA, 323
HBE. See His bundle electrogram
hCG. See Human chorionic gonadotropin
hCS. See Human chorionic somatomammotropin
HDL. See High-density lipoproteins
Head injuries, 572
Hearing, 203–218
action potentials in auditory nerve fibers, 211