706 INDEX
Pacemaker (continued)
implanted, 497–498
potentials, 491–492
Pacemaker potential, 491
Pacinian corpuscles, 150–151, 155
Paclitaxel, 35
PA F. See Platelet-activating factor
Pain, 167–172
classification, 168–171
deep pain, 169
neuropathic, 169
nociceptors, 167–168
phantom limb, 176
phantom tooth, 176
referred pain, 170–171
visceral pain, 169–170
Pain transmission modulation, 177–179
acetylcholine, 178–179
cannabinoids, 179
enkephalins, 177–178
morphine, 177–178
stress-induced analgesia, 177
Paleospinothalamic tract, 176
Pallesthesia, 155
Pallidotomy, 254
Palmitoylated, 33
Palmitoylethanolamide, 145
Pancreas, 315–336
acidosis, 324
adrenal glucocorticoids, 332
automatic nerves, 327–328
biosynthesis, 317–318
carbohydrate metabolism, 331–332
catecholamines, 331–332
changes in protein metabolism, 323
cholesterol metabolism, 324
coma, 324
cyclic AMP, 327
diabetes mellitus, 333–334
exercise, 331
fat derivatives, 327
fat metabolism in diabetes, 323–324
glucagon, 328–330
glucose tolerance, 321–323
glucose transporters, 318
growth hormone, 332
hyperglycemia, 323
hypoglycemia, 332–333
insulin, 316–320
insulin deficiency, 321–325
insulin excess, 325–326
insulin–glucagon molar ratios, 330
insulin preparations, 319
insulin receptors, 921
intestinal hormones, 328
intracellular glucose deficiency, 323
islet cell hormones, 330–331
islet cell structure, 316
long-term changes in B cell responses, 328
mechanism of action, 320–321
metabolic syndrome, 334–335
metabolism, 318, 329
obesity, 334–335
pancreatic islets, 331
pancreatic polypeptide, 331
plasma glucose level, 326–327
protein, 327
regulation of insulin secretion, 326–328
regulation of secretion, 329–330
relation to potassium, 319
secreted insulin, 318–320
secretion, 317–318
somatostatin, 330–331
thyroid hormones, 332
type 2 diabetes, 334–335
types of diabetes, 334
Pancreatic islets, organization of, 331
Pancreatic juice
composition of, 435–436
regulation of secretion, 436
Pancreatic polypeptide, 315, 331
Panting, 284
Papillae, 223
Paracellular pathway, 38, 648
Paracrine, 442
Paracrine communication, 50
Paracrines, 443
Paradoxical sleep, 234
Parafollicular cells, 370
Paraganglia, 338
Parageusia, 226
Parallel fibers, 255
Paralysis agitans, 253–254
Parasomnias, 237
Parasympathetic, 261
Parasympathetic cholinergic discharge, 268–269
Parathyroid glands, 367–370
actions, 368
anatomy, 367
Parathyroid hormone, 363, 367
Parathyroid hormone-related protein, 369
Parietal cells, 431
Parietal cortex, 245
Parietal lobe, 243
Parietal pathway, 195
Parkinson disease, 253–254
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block, 499
Paroxysmal tachycardia, 498
Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, 500
Pars compacta, 250
Pars reticulata, 250
Partial pressure, 588
Partial seizures, 232
Passive tension, 102
Past-pointing, 258
Patch clamping, 45
Pathologic, 168
PB2-binding proteins, 130
P450c11, 345
P450c11AS, 345
P450c17, 345
P460c21, 345
PDE. See Phosphodiesterase
PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth factor
PEA. See Palmitoylethanolamide
Pendred syndrome, 214
Pendrin, 303
Penetration of substances into brain, 572–573
Pentoses, 19
Penumbra, 135
PEP. See Preejection period
Peptic cells, 431
Peptide bonds, 16
Peptide YY, 448
Peptides, 16, 448–449
Perforins, 69
Perfusion-limited, 601
Pericardial sac, 510
Pericardium, 510
Pericentriolar material, 37
Pericytes, 538, 640
Periglomerular cells, 221
Perilymph, 205
Perimetry, 197Perinuclear cisterns, 40
Periodic breathing, 634
Periodic limb movement disorder, 237
Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, 562
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, 142
Peripheral chemoreceptor reflex, 562
Peripheral proteins, 32
Peripheral venous pressure, 550
Peristalsis, 469–470, 475
Peritubular capillaries, 642
Permissive action, 349
Peroxins, 35
Peroxisome proliferation activated receptors, 35
Peroxisomes, 32, 35
Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of
infancy, 327
Pertussis toxin, 57
PET. See Positron emission tomography
Peyer’s patches, 73
P factor, 170
PGO spikes. See Pontogeniculo-occipital spikes
Phagocytosis, 43, 64
Phantom eye syndrome, 176
Phantom limb pain, 176
Phantom tooth pain, 176
Pharmacology of prostaglandins, 28
Phasic bursting, 278
Phasic receptors. See Rapidly adapting receptors
Phenotype, 529
Phenylalanine, 138
Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 138
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, 138
Phenylketonuria, 138
Pheochromocytomas, 342
Pheromones, 223
PHM-27, 447
Phosphatases, 51
Phosphate timer, 51
Phosphaturic action, 368
Phosphodiesterase, 56, 111
Phosphoinositol 3-kinase, 321
Phospholipase A, 28
Phosphorus, 365
metabolism, 364–365
Phosphorylcreatine, 102–103
Photopic vision, 185
Photoreceptor mechanism, 190–193
cone pigments, 192
electrical responses, 190
ionic basis of photoreceptor potentials, 190
melanopsin, 192
photosensitive compounds, 190
processing of visual information in retina,
192–193
resynthesis of cyclic GMP, 192
rhodopsin, 190–192
Photoreceptors, 150
Photosensitive compounds, 190
Phototherapy, 527
Physiological tremor, 160, 161
Physiologic dead space, 600
Physiologic shunt, 602
Piebaldism, 380
Pigment abnormalities, 379–380
Pigment epithelium, 182
PIH. See Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Pillar cells, 205
Pineal gland, 238
Pineal sand, 238
Pinocytosis, 43
Piriform cortex, 221
Pitch, 209