Draft

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ScienceandTechnology

1 \There is a fundamentaldierence between scienceandandtechnology. Engineeringor

technologyis themakingof thingsthatdidnotpreviouslyexist,whereasscienceis thediscov-

eringof thingsthathave longexisted.Technologicalresultsareformsthatexistonlybecause

peoplewant to make them,whereasscienti cresultsareinformationsof whatexistsindepen-

dentlyof humanintentions. Technologydealswiththearti cial,sciencewiththenatural."

(Billington1985)

1.2 StructuralEngineering.

2 Structuralengineersareresponsibleforthedetailedanalysisanddesignof:

Architecturalstructures:Buildings,houses,factories.Theymustworkin closecooperation

withanarchitectwhowillultimatelybe responsibleforthedesign.

CivilInfrastructures: Bridges,dams,pipelines,oshorestructures. Theyworkwithtrans-

portation,hydraulic, nuclearandotherengineers. Forthosestructures theyplay the

leadingrole.

Aerospace,Mechanical,Naval structures:aeroplanes,spacecrafts,cars,ships,submarines

to ensurethestructuralsafety of thoseimportant structures.

1.3 StructuresandtheirSurroundings

3 Structuraldesignis aectedby variousenvironmentalconstraints:

1. Majormovements:For example,elevatorshaftsareusuallyshearwallsgood at resisting

lateralload(wind,earthquake).

2. Soundandstructureinteract:

 Adomeroof willconcentratethesound

 Adishroof willdiusethesound