oscillating reactions, kinetics, 714–719
osmotic pressure
applications, 200–201
description, 196–201
overlap integrals, 398, 407
overtone spectroscopy, 489, 503–504
oxidation-reduction reaction,seeredox reaction
P
parallel reactions, kinetics, 696–702
partial molar quantity, chemical potential, 108–110, 114
partial pressures, in liquid/liquid systems, 171–175
particle-in-a-box solution
degeneracy, 303–306, 605
description, 288–295
monatomic gases, 605–606
three-dimensional solution, 299–303
in variation theory, 395–396
partition functions
description, 586, 596–600
electronic partition functions, 617–623
equilibria, 640–644
molecular partition function, 628
molecular properties derivation, 637–640
monatomic gases, 604–608
nuclear partition functions, 617–621, 633
rotational partition function, 634–636
of a system, 636–637
in transition-state theory, 721–722
Pascal, units of measure, 3
path-dependent qualities, 34–35, 77
path-independent qualities, 34
Pauli, Wolfgang, 378
Pauli exclusion principle, 377–382, 413, 532, 537, 630–631
electron systems, Hückel approximations, 543–546
permeability
membranes, 196–197, 200
of a vacuum, 561
permittivity of free space, 208
perturbation theory
in quantum mechanics, 386–394, 402–403
variation theory compared, 402–403
pH
glass pH electrode, 223
ion-specific electrodes, 223–224
isoelectric point, 136
measurement, 223–224
phase changes, first law of thermodynamics, 50–53
phase diagrams
description, 201–202
for liquid/liquid systems, 174–177
in nonideal two-component liquid solutions, 180–183
for single-component systems, 154–159
for solid/solid systems, 190–192
phase rule,seeGibbs phase rule
phase transitions
enthalpy, 55–57, 146–147
entropy, 147–148, 160
Gibbs free energy, 146–147
phase diagrams, 154–159, 174–175
in single-component systems, 143, 145–148
phonon, 548
phosphorescence, 548–550
photoelectric effect
classical mechanics, 253
quantum mechanics, 259
photons
description, 464
fluorescence, 548–550
lasers, 550–556
quantized vibrational energy levels, 511
photosynthesis, thermodynamics, 60–61
physisorption, 787–788
Planck, Max K. E. L., 257
Planck’s constant, 258, 485
Planck’s radiation law, 258–259, 550
point groups, in symmetry operations, 420–435
polar coordinates
description, 334
spherical polar coordinates, 341–342
polarizability, dipole moments, 513
polyatomic molecules
electronic spectroscopy, 541–543
Franck-Condon principle, 541
rotational motion, 466–467, 634–636
vibrational motion, 481–484, 493–494, 500, 541, 626–627
polymorphism, 143
position, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 279–281
position operators, 278, 288
positive deviation, in vapor pressure, 179
postulates
kinetic theory of gases, 652–656
in quantum mechanics, 273, 309–310
potential energy
Born-Oppenheimer approximation, 403–405, 539
central force problem, 353
description, 244
Hamiltonian function relationship, 245
harmonic oscillation,seeharmonic oscillator
Lagrange’s equations, 246
lattice energies of ionic crystals, 755–759
Morse potential, 492–493
particle-in-a-box solution, 288–292, 299–303
tunneling, 296–299
vibration treatment, 484–485, 491
power, definition, 255
power density, of light, 254, 256
power flux, 259830 INDEX