252 SECTION III Nursing Theory in Nursing Practice, Education, Research, and Administration
Table 16–7 Application to Various Client Systems (Continued)TOPIC AUTHOR(S) YEARInterpersonal systems (nurse-client)Interpersonal systems (stepfamilies)
Social systems
Social systems (aggregates)
Social systems (communities)Social systems (education)Social systems (nursing unit)
Social systems (organizations)*Indicates thesis or dissertationNagano and Funashima
DeHowitt
Houfek
Temple and Fawdry
Rundell
Martin
Swindale
Kohler
Messmer and Smith
Daubenmire, Searles, and Ashton
Omar*
Brown and Lee
Norgan, Ettipio, and Lasome
Temple and Fawdry
Hanchett
Hanchett
Myks Babb, Fouladbakhsh, and Hanchett
Asay and Ossler
King
Daubenmire
Gulitz and King
Froman and Sanderson
Brown and Lee
Daubenmire and King
Rundell
Tritsch
Fawcett, Vaillancourt, and Watson
Jolly and Winker
Messmer
Sieloff
Fitch, Rogers, Ross, Shea, Smith, and Tucker
Schreiber
West
Byrne-Coker, Fradley, Harris, Tomarchio, and Caron
Kenny
Byrne and Schreiber
Elberson
Hampton
LaFontaine1995
1992
1992
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1986
1978
1990
1980
1995
1992
1990
1988
1988
1984
1984
1989
1988
1985
1980
1973
1991
1996
1995
1995
1995
1995
1991
1991
1991
1990
1990
1989
1989
1989
1989Use with personal systems has included both
patients and nurses. Patients as personal systems
were the focus of applications by DeHowitt (1992).
Levine, Wilson, and Guido (1988) considered criti-
cal care nurses as the personal system of interest, as
did Brooks and Thomas (1997).
When the focus of interest moves from an indi-
vidual to include interaction between two people,
the interpersonal system is involved. Interpersonal
systems often include clients and nurses. Examples
of an application to a nurse-client dyad and larger
groups is Messmer and Neff Smith’s (1986) ap-
proach to nursing with clients with neurofibro-
matosis, and Campbell-Begg (2000) studied
“animal-assisted therapy to promote abstinence
from the use of chemicals by groups” (p. 31).