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that a very small proportion of light scattered by the sample will have a different frequency than the incident light. As differ ...

For example, it is possible to distinguish between C–H vibrations in methylene (–CH 2 –) and methyl groups (–CH 3 ). Raman spect ...

13.2.2 Instrumentation The most common source for infrared light is white-glowing zircon oxide or the so-called globar made of s ...

the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. For instance, the catalytic steps in the proton pumping mechanism have been vali ...

the incident beam. Excitation of the plasmon wave leads to a decreased intensity of thereflected light. Thus, SPR produces a dip ...

When binding to the chip occurs, the refractive index on the sample side of the interface increases. This alters the angle of in ...

13.4 Electron paramagnetic resonance Prior to any detailed discussion of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magne ...

(i.e. external magnetic field) on. A paramagnetic substance appears to weigh more, and a diamagnetic substance appears to weigh ...

peak is broadened owing to interactions of the unpaired electron with the rest of the molecule (spin–lattice interactions). This ...

of their oxidised states. The appearance and disappearance of their EPR signals are used to monitor the activity of these protei ...

Intramolecular motions and lateral diffusion of lipid through the membrane, as well as the effect of proteins and other factors ...

and EPR may deliver data complementary to the UV/Vis region of the spectrum. For instance, free radicals due to the triplet stat ...

present as a protective shield around the Earth, filtering the dangers of cosmic UV irradiation by complex radical chemistry. Th ...

(TMS; (H 3 C) 4 Si) because it contains 12 identical protons. The chemical shift arises from the applied field inducing secondar ...

is proportional to the number of protons of that particular type. Figure 13.8 shows an (^1) H NMR spectrum of ethyl alcohol, in ...

certain energy in the form of a sine wave is recorded. By using the mathematical procedure ofFourier transform, the ‘time domain ...

Alternatively, the total energy comprising all frequencies between the fixed limits can be put in all at the same time. This is ...

Multidimensional NMR As we learned above, the observable in pulse-acquired Fourier transform NMR is the decay of the transverse ...

is reflected to the receiver to be processed and recorded. In solid samples, the number of spin–spin interactions is greatly enh ...

a certain geometric layout of the radio frequency coils and sophisticated electronics. Advanced computer facilities are needed f ...