A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

10 MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION(PHARMACODYNAMICS) Conversely, reduced exposure of a cell or tissue to an agon- ist (e.g. by denerva ...

CONSTANT-RATE INFUSION If a drug is administered intravenously via a constant-rate pump, and blood sampled from a distant vein f ...

12 PHARMACOKINETICS Clearance is the best measure of the efficiency with which a drug is eliminated from the body, whether by re ...

In reality, processes of elimination begin as soon as the bolus dose (d) of drug is administered, the drug being cleared at a ra ...

this way (e.g. penicillinto treat a mild infection), but a steady state concentration greater than some threshold value is often ...

blood (from which samples are taken for analysis) plus the extracellular spaces of some well-perfused tissues. The periph- eral ...

FURTHER READING Rowland M, Tozer TN. Therapeutic regimens. In: Clinical pharmacoki- netics: concepts and applications, 3rd edn. ...

●Introduction 17 ●Bioavailability, bioequivalence and generic vs. proprietary prescribing 17 ●Prodrugs 18 ●Routes of administrat ...

supplied by the pharmaceutical company, and a non-proprietary (generic) name. It is usually available only from the company that ...

ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION ORAL ROUTE FOR LOCAL EFFECT Oral drug administration may be used to produce local effects within the ga ...

4.drug metabolism by intestinal flora– this may affect drug absorption. Alteration of bowel flora (e.g. by concomitant use of an ...

caused by timololeyedrops given for open-angle glaucoma. However, such absorption is not sufficiently reliable to make use of th ...

Sustained effects have also been obtained from subcutaneous injections by using oily suspensions or by implanting a pellet subcu ...

FURTHER READING Fix JA. Strategies for delivery of peptides utilizing absorption- enhancing agents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sc ...

4-hydroxyphenytoin-glucuronide, which is readily excreted via the kidney. PHASE I METABOLISM The liver is the most important sit ...

(dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline), tyramine, phenyl- ephrine and tryptophan derivatives (5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptami ...

26 DRUG METABOLISM Table 5.1:CYP450 isoenzymes most commonly involved in drug metabolism with representative drug substrates and ...

and lorazepam. Some patients inherit a deficiency of glu- curonide formation that presents clinically as a non- haemolytic jaund ...

28 DRUG METABOLISM TESTS FOR INDUCTION OF DRUG- METABOLIZING ENZYMES The activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes can be as ...

METABOLISM OFDRUGS BYINTESTINALORGANISMS 29 and is one of the major difficulties in their clinical use. Variability in first-pas ...